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OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 

AMERICAN HISTORY 



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OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 

AMERICAN HISTORY 



BY 

CHARLES BERTRAM NEWTON, A.B. 
M 

Head Master^ the Pingry School, Elizabeth, iV; J. 

Formerly Head of the Department of,IIistory in Laivrenceville School 
AND 

EDWIN BRY>NT TREAT, A.M. 

Head of Treat Tutoring School, Oak Bluffs, Mass. 




NEW YORK •:. CINCINNATI •:• CHICAGO 

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 



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,•2- 

CmpAAySL 



Copyright, 1907, by 
CHARLES BERTRAM NEWTON 

AND 

EDWIN BRYANT TREAT, 

Copyright, 1921, by 

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 

W. P. 27 



PURPOSE OP THIS BOOK 

When the close of the year's work approaches, the teacher 
of history is confronted with the problem of bringing out 
the subject as a whole, and of so focusing it as to make the 
picture clear-cut and vivid in the pupil's mind. Text-book 
and notebook and classroom work have each done their part 
in arousing the imagination and informing the memory — 
how shall the prominent figures and the smaller details, the 
multitude of memories and impressions so made, be fixed and 
established in their proper perspective ? 

It was the effort to solve this problem that produced this 
series of Outlines in Greek, Roman, English, and Ameri- 
can history. They were first privately printed, and have 
been experimented with for several years. The result has 
been so gratifying, in accomplishing the end in view, as to 
suggest that they might prove similarly useful to others; 
hence, their present publication. 

The Outlines have been enlarged and revised in collabora- 
tion with a colleague of wide experience in preparing pupils 
for college, Mr. E. B. Treat, who has used them in their 
original form, and who therefore brings the valuable assist- 
ance of independent experiment and experience to the work 
of improvement and revision. 

It cannot be too emphatically said that the Outlines should 
not be introduced into the class until after the work of the 
text-book is finished — they are preeminently intended, as 
their title indicates, for review. However, if the time or 

3 



PURPOSE OF THIS BOOK 

facilities of the teacher are limited, they might, in rare cases, 
be used judiciously with the text-book as an aid to clearness. 

Each of the Outlines of the series has been used with 
several different text-books, and each is intended for use 
with any good text-book, such as, in the case of the Out- 
line of American History, Hart's Essentials, Adams and 
Trent's, McMaster's, Montgomery's Students, McLaughlin's, 
Fiske's, Macy's, etc. In the American histories, more perhaps 
than in the others, the authors have found great variation in 
emphasis, and considerable discrepancy. They have pur- 
posely made this Outline very complete, and have taken 
great pains to bring out impartially the essential facts. 
References are omitted, not only because of the adaptability 
of the Outlines to different text-books, but to emphasize the 
tact that they should be used, as a rule, only after the stu- 
dent has become so familiar with the text-book and other 
sources of information, that it wall be easy to refresh the 
memory on matters only suggested in the Outline. 

Many dates have been given for reference, but the less 
important have been included in parentheses, and many will 
be omitted by the teacher who does not believe in overcrowd- 
ing the mind with figures. The Index will be found useful 
for looking up special matters, such as important laws^ 
terms, etc. The Typical Questions, culled from many papers 
for college entrance examinations, are intended for practice 
in the art, so occult to many pupils, of formulating answers. 

C. B. NEWTON. 

Lawbbnckville, New Jersey, 



OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 

AMERICAN HISTORY 



DISCOVERERS 

D. = Dutch. E. = English. F. = French. 

Sp. = Spanish. Sw. = Swedish. P. = Portuguesa- 

1000-1350. Northmen, Greenland and New England. 

" Sagas." 
1492. Columbus (Sp.), West Indies ; four voyages. 

1497. Cabots (E.), John and Sebastian, Cape Breton Island. 

1498. Sebastian Cabot (E.), mainland, from Cape Breton 

down to Albemarle Sound. Voyages of Cabots be- 
came the basis of England's claim of right to colo- 
nize North America. 

1501. Cortereal (P.), New England to Newfoundland. 

1501-1503. Americus Vespucius (Sp.), Brazil; one and per- 
haps two earlier voyages. Wrote the first pub' 
lished account, hence name of " America." 

1506. Denys (F.), Gulf of St. Lawrence. 

1512. Ponce de Leon (Sp.), Florida. Later tried to colo- 

nize; was killed. Basis of Spanish claims to 
Florida. 

1513. Balboa (Sp.), Isthmus of Darien; Pacific Ocean. 
1520. Ay lion (Sp.), South Caroliaa. 

5 



OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

1620. Magellan (Sp.), South America; Philippine Islands. 

Killed. Survivors continued, — first to go around 

the world. 
1519-1521. Cortez (Sp.), Mexico. His success here fixed 

Spain's attention on the South. 
1524. Verrazzani (F.), South Carolina north to Nova 

Scotia. 
1528. Narvaez (Sp.), Gulf States. 
1528-1536. De Vaca — wandered across the continent. 
1532. Pizarro (Sp.), Conquest of Peru. 
1534. C artier (F.), River St. Lawrence. This drew the 

attention of the French to the north. Basis of 

French claim to this region. 

1539. Fray Marcos (Sp.), New Mexico, "Seven Cities of 

Cibola." 

1540. Coronado (Sp.), Gila, Rio Grande, and Colorado 

rivers. 
1539-1541. De Soto (Sp.), Southern States and Mississippi 

River. 
1543. Cabrillo (Sp.), Pacific Coast. 
1578. Drake (E.), Pacific Coast to Oregon. 
1592. De Fuca (Sp.), Pacific Coast to British Columbia. 

Summary. — From 1492 to 1513, the islands and east coast 
of North and South America were explored. Explorations 
of interior began with Balboa at Isthmus of Darien, 1513. 
Cortez, conquest of Mexico, 1519-1521. Pizarro, conquest 
of Peru, 1532. Gulf States and Southwest, 1528-1541. 
Narvaez and de Vaca, De Soto, Marcos, and Coronado. 

Spain took leading position in Europe. Her possessions 
gave vast wealth. Gold of Mexico and Peru. Very rich 
silver mines of Potosi in Peru, and scattered over Mexico. 
By 1550, Spanish colonies were established on West Indies 

6 



DISCOVERERS 

Islands, Mexico, Central America, and northern and western 
part of South America. 

1565. Florida (Sp.), St. Augustine. Menendez. 
1582. New Mexico (Sp.), Sante Fe. 

Spain actuated by desire (a) for wealth, (6) for domin^ 
ion, (c) for spread of Roman Catholic religion. Failure of 
Spanish Armada (1588) caused curtailment of ambitious 
schemes. 

France was little stirred by stories of the New World. 
Bad economic conditions at home prevented great external 
effort. 

1510. Cartier and Roberval. Quebec : failure. 

1562. Ribaut. Port Royal, South Carolina: Huguenots; 

failure. 
1564. Laudonniere. St. John's River, Florida. Huguenots; 
failure. 
Cruelty of Menendez. Revenge of de Gourges. 
1605. De Monts. Port Royal. Nova Scotia ; success. 
1608. Champlain, Quebec ; success. 

The zeal of the Jesuit missionaries, and the energy of fur 
traders soon gave France firm hold on Canada. 

England did little to support claims made by the Cabots 
(1497-1498). Henry VIII.'s marriage to Spanish princess. 
Internal troubles. Piratical voyages of Sir John Hawkins. 
Frobisher (1576-1578) — three voyages to Labrador. Fran- 
cis Drake — voyage around the world (1577-1580). Sir 
Humphrey Gilbert^ — attempt to settle Newfoundland. Value 
of fisheries. 

Sir Walter Raleigh's schemes. Father of English Colo- 
nization. Roanoke Island. Virginia Dare. Bartholomew 
Gosnold (1G02). New Route via Azores Islands, 1500 
Qiiles shorter. Attempted settlement in Buzzard's Bay. 

7 



OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

THE FOUNDING OF COLONIES 

The Virginia Charter. — The unsuccessful attempts to colo- 
nize made by private individuals led to formation of coloniz- 
ing companies chartered by Royal Grant. Influenced by the 
example of the Muscovite and East Indian companies, certain 
important men obtained from James I. (1606) a general 
charter authorizing them, as the Virginia Company, to de- 
velop and govern colonies in Virginia. (General name for 
whole unsettled region. Not limited to present state.) 

Provisions of the Charter. — 1. Charter of 1606 provided 
for two councils : (a) superior, residing in England, appointed 
by king, and holding office at his pleasure; (b) inferior, re- 
siding in colony, appointed by superior, the king having 
power to appoint and remove members and to make laws 
for it. 

2. Charter changed, 1609, so that king's power was 
transferred to company. 

3. Again changed, 1612, transferring power of superior 
council to whole body of stockholders. No political rights 
were yet given to colonists. 

4. Two changes made in local government of colonies, 
1619 : (a) a council appointed to act with governor and thus 
limit his authority ; (b) colonists permitted to elect two 
representatives from each borough to constitute a delibera- 
tive body called House of Burgesses. Measures adopted by 
Burgesses, Council, Governor, and approved by companies in 
England, became laws of colony. 

5. In 1621, by so-called " Sandys' Constitution," govern- 
ment of colony was finally settled by company who appointed 
a Governor ; the Council and Burgesses chosen by people. 
Governor had veto power over Council and Burgesses ; the 
company in England over the Governor. 

8 



THE FOUNDING OF COLONIES 

6. In 1624, company overthrown. Government of colony 
unchanged, except that king took place of company. At 
time of Revolution there were seven Royal colonies without 
charters — Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, New 
York, New Jersey, and New Hampshire. 

Practical beginnings of colonization by chartered compa- 
nies. — The Virginia Charter covered region from 34th to 
45th degree of north latitude. 

Two sub-companies : (a) London, and (6) Plymouth. 

London Company could colonize southern Virginia be- 
tween 34th and 38th degrees (i.e. between Cape Fear and 
the Potomac). 

Plymouth Company could colonize between 41st and 45th 
degrees (i.e. between Long Island and Nova Scotia). 

The country between 38th and 41st degrees (i.e. from 
Potomac up to New York) was left to whichever company 
first settled it. 

First attempt, 1606. — Plymouth Company sent out colony 
to Kennebec in Maine. One severe winter broke it up, and 
the company never sent another. 

Virginia, 1607 

Jamestown, 1607 — London Company. Early struggles. 
John Smith. House of Burgesses. Changes in Charter. 
Finally annulled, 1624, and Virginia became Royal Colony; 
i.e. king took place of company. Administration went on 
under Royal Governors, as before, with frequent meetings of 
elected assembly (Burgesses). Governor Berkeley. Bacon's 
Rebellion. 

Massachusetts, 1620 

The rugritns at Flymouth, 1620. — Congregation at 
Scrooby; ''Separatists"; religious persecution; escape of 

9 



OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

congregation, under Pastor John Kobinson, to Holland. Dis- 
satisfaction with life there. Determination to plant colony 
in New AVorld. London Company. The "Mayflower Com- 
pact." Miles Standish. William Bradford, fine character. 
Government, very simple. Original town meetings. Never 
had charter or royal governor. Perfect democracy. Inde- 
pendent little republic. Finally merged with Massachusetts 
in 1691. 

The Pilgrims, Separatists, not to be confused with the 
Puritans who settled Boston, though like them in spirit. 

The Puritans at Salem and Boston, 1628-1630. — The Coun- 
cil for New England, 1620. (Reorganized Plymouth Com- 
pany of 1606.) Division of its lands. Small fishing 
settlements at Boston, East Boston, Salem, Cape Ann, 
Main settlement made under land patent grant from " Sea 
to Sea," 1628 ; John Endicott, Salem ; large number of Puri- 
tan colonists. 

Royal Charter for "Governor and Company of the Massa- 
chusetts Bay in New England," 1629. Provided for election 
of Governor, other officers, "general court" or assembly, and 
also passage of laws not conflicting with those of New 
England. 

Transfer of *' Charter and Government** to Netv England^ 
i6S0. — Great stimulus to Puritan immigration. John Win- 
throp. Rapid growth. Attempt to cancel charter. King 
Philip's War. Fall of Andros. 

New Hampshire and Maine, 1623 

Gorges and Mason obtained grant from "Council for New 
England" (1622) to Laconia, between Merrimac and Ken- 
nebec rivers. Portsmouth and Dover, 1623. 

In 1629, Mason took Neiv Hampshire. His neglect. Small 
settlements. Under jurisdiction of Massachusetts most of 

10 



THE FOUND JPKt 0^ COLONIES 

feime till 1671, when it became Royal Colony. Remained so 
until Revolution. Gorges became " Lord Proprietor of Prov 
ince of Maine" in 1639. Towns gradually absorbed by 
Massachusetts, which finally bought claim from Gorges' heirs 
in 1677. (Maine not admitted to Union as state until 
1820.) 

New Netherland, or New York, 1626-1664 

Discovery of Hudson River (lo09). Expeditions to open 
up fur traffic. The United New Netherland Company. 
Fort Amsterdam (1614). i'ort Orange (1614), eastern end 
of Indian trail. The Dutch West India Company, its 
monopoly and additional rights (1621). The purchase of 
the Island of Manhattan (1626) for "the value of sixty 
guilders" (about ^24), by Peter Minuit. 

The establishment of the Patroon system (1629). Great 
landed estates. The Van Rensselaers, the Van Cortlandts, 
Livingstons, Schuylers, etc. Evils of Patroon system kept 
away better class of immigrants, and restrained trade. 
Four Dutch governors — Peter Minuit, Wouter van Twiller, 
William Kieft, and Peter Stuyvesant. 

Fleet sent out from England by CromweU (1654). Peace 
between England and Holland saved New Amsterdam. 
Charles II. asserted old English claim by granting territory 
to Duke of York (James II.). 

Neio Amsterdam surrendered, 1664, to English fleet. Stuy- 
vesant, vigorous character, but had no support. 

Increased prosperity under English rule. "The Duke's 
Laws" (1665). 

Later discontent under Andros. Leisler's insurrection 
and execution, 1689-1691. Call for colonial congress. 
French and Indian affairs. Peter Zenger, successful cham- 
pion of the freedom of the press. 

u 



OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

Connecticut, 1636 

Minor settlements, the Dutch fort, Good Hope, on Con- 
necticut River (1623) ; and Plymouth colony, fur-trading 
post, Windsor (1633). 

First important settlements, Lord Say and Seal's grant ; Say- 
brook (1635). The Rev. Thomas Hooker migrated with 
congregation from Massachusetts and settled Hartford, 
1636. Adoption of Fundamental Orders of Connecticut 
(1639). — Windsor, Wethersfield, and Hartford. First 
republic in world to be founded on a written constitution. 

New Haven Colony, 1638. — John Davenport and Theoph- 
ilus Eaton. New Haven and neighboring small towns. 
The colony was weak and joined Connecticut, 1665. 

Rhode Island, 1636 
Settled at Providence. Roger Williams, 1636. Driven 
from Massachusetts on account of religious beliefs. New- 
port, Portsmouth, and Warwick were incorporated into 
"Providence Plantations" (1643). The home of religious 
toleration. Good commerce. Elected Governor and Assem bly. 

Maryland, 1634 

Lord Baltimore's grant from Charles L (1632). Settle- 
ment at St. Mary^s under Leonard Calvert in 1634. Pro- 
prietor could declare war, grant titles, establish courts, 
coin money, and appoint all officers. Had help of freemen 
in making the laws. Unprecendented religious liberty. 
Trouble over Kent Island with William Clayborne. Puri- 
tan disturbances. Battle at Providence, 1655. Excellent 
administration of third Lord Baltimore. In 1691, made a 
royal province. Religious persecutions. Colony languished 
until restored to proprietor in 1716. 

" Mason ami Axon's Line,'" 1763, Settled boundary dispute 

12 



THE FOUNDING OF COLONIES 

Delaware, 1638 

Fort Christina (AVilmington) settled by Swedes and Finns, 
1638. Territory seized by Dutch Governor, Stuyvesant, in 
1655. Passed to English control, 1664. 

Sold to William Penn by Duke of York, 1682. Secured a 
separate assembly in 1703, but still had same Governor as 
Pennsylvania ; called " The three lower counties on the Dela- 
ware," until state government was formed at Revolution. 

New Jersey, 1617, 1664 

Early Dutch Settlements, 1617, very scattering. Territory 
granted to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret by Duke of 
York, 1664. Settlement of Elizabeth (1665). Divisions 
into East and West Jersey, 1674. Purchase of West Jersey, 
by AVilliam Penn for Quakers, 1682. 

Royal Colony, 1702, with same Governor as New York. 
Made separate royal colony, 1738. 

Pennsylvania, 1682 

Charter to 40,000 sq. miles of land granted Penn in settle- 
ment of father's claim, 1681. Mixed class of immigrants. 
Settlement of Philadelphia, 1682. Humane treatment of 
Indians. Growth in material prosperity. "The Frame 
of Government." Colonial importance of Philadelphia, — 
became chief city. 

North Carolina, 1653, 1663 

Settlement of Albemarle, 1653, by Virginian Dissenters. 
Grants (1663 and 1665) to Eight Proprietors, covering North 
and South Carolina. Fundamental constitution on " The 
Grand Model," by John Locke. " Palatine " proprietaries, 
"Landgraves," " Caciques," and "Leetmen"; too fanciful. 

13 



OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

The Clarendon Colony. Scattered settlements. Slo^?v 
developnient. 

No other colony had such a remarkable succession of bad 
men sent out as governors. 

The War with the Tuscaroras (1711). 

Colony transferred to the king, 1729. 

South Carolina, 1670 

First settlement made 1670 by colonists sent out by pre 
prietors. Poor location. Moved to Charleston, 1680. Rice 
used as money. Church of England, established church 
(1706). Early troubles with Spain and Indians. Became 
Royal Colony, 1729. 

Georgia, 1733 

Land west of Savannah River granted to James Oglethorpe, 
1732, by George 11. Purpose — refuge for debtors and other 
unfortunates. 

First settlement at Savannah, 1733. Attempts to introduce 
silk culture and various experiments in "communal" state. 
Not very successful. Prohibition of slavery attempted; 
introduced later (1747). 

Became Royal Colony, 1752. The latest and weakest of 
the original thirteen colonies, but it served as a buffer against 
Spanish in Florida. 

CONDITIONS AT THE END OF THE SEVEN- 
TEENTH CENTURY 

Of the thirteen original colonies, all established except 
Georgia, by 1700. 

New England Colonies. — Population : Massachusetts, includ- 
ing Maine, about 70,000 ; Connecticut, 25,000 ; Rhode Island, 
§,000 ; New Hampshire, 5,000. 

14 



CONDITIONS AT END OF SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 

Characterized by thrift, piety, and love of liberty. Town 
meetings for management of local affairs. 

An aristocracy based mainly on education and religion. 
The clergy led all public affairs. The other professions less 
important. 

Industries: mining, lumbering, tanning, and distilling. 
Nails, cloth, and similar things made for home use. Fish- 
eries and whaling very profitable. 

Social life: Boston and New Haven — prosperous towns 
— common school in each village. Homes comfortable. 
Puritan simplicity of dress, manners, and morals. 

Meligiousititolerance. — Cvlm\\\dii\OTi in persecution of the 
witches, " Salem Witchcraft." Nineteen persons hanged and 
one pressed to death at Salem (1692). 

Literature: Very little; chiefly religious writers, Thomas 
Hooker, John Cotton, Roger Williams, Increase Mather, 
and (most celebrated) Cotton Mather. 

The Middle Colonies. — Population: New York, about 
25,000; the Jerseys, 14,000; Pennsylvania and Delaware, 
20,000. 

Characterized by mixed population — Dutch stolidity and 
Quaker sobriety, modified English enterprise. 

The "Patroons" in New York, and a few wealthy Quakers 
were semi-aristocratic. The professions were respected, 
but clergy less prominent, owing to mixed religious in- 
fluences. Majority of people in agriculture or in trade. 
(Fur, grain, and flour were exported.) 

Social life less sober than in New England — dances, husk- 
ings, races, cockfights. Quaker influence almost as strong 
as Puritan against Sabbath -breaking, however. Educational 
facilities were only fair, even in larger towns. 

Politically — not so well governed, heavier taxes, and dis- 
content against officials. 

15 



OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

For the management of local affairs, a mixed system oi 
town meeting and county committee prevailed. 

The Southern Colonies. — Population: Maryland, about 
25,000 ; Virginia, 60,000 ; the Carolinas, 5,000. English pre- 
dominated ; Scotch, Irish, and French Huguenots. 

Social Classes. — (a) The planters, men of excellent birth 
and good manners; aristocratic. 

(b) The small farmers and mechanics, men of little edu- 
cation but of sturdy virtue. 

(c) The indentured white servants, frequently of the 
criminal class. 

(d) The black slaves — fairly well treated. 

The South of this period characterized by system of 
practically independent plantations. Isolation was the rule 
in agriculture, commerce, and administration. The Parish 
or County committee, appointed by Governor, managed local 
affairs. Local government was difficult and inefficient. 
Towns were hardly to be found. Schools were few. (Rich 
planters employed tutors.) The clergy were illiterate and 
often immoral. To oft'set its disadvantages, the isolation 
fostered a love of independence and manly self-reliance. 

GKOWTH OF THE COLONIES 

THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS 

The first half of the 18th century marked by fourfold, six- 
fold, and sevenfold increase in population in the New Eng- 
land, Middle, and Southern Colonies, respectively. Wealth 
and general prosperity also increased. 

The boundary disputes, quarrels with royal governors, 
"The Great Awakening" (religious), and troubles with th£» 
French and Indians the most important events. 

16 



THE FRENCH AND INDlf^N WARS 

French Claims: Early settlements in Acadia and New 
France. Pere Marquette and Louis Joliet on Lake Supe- 
rior, Lake Michigan, and Upper Mississippi. La Salle 
on the Lower Mississippi — Louisiana. The English 
were thus shut in between the Alleghany Mountains and 
the Atlantic, but their charters gave indefinite claims west- 
ward. 

The colonial wars with the French are known by the 
names of the English sovereigns reigning at the time. 
These wars were for religious as well as political supre- 
macy. 

King William's War, 1690-1697. — (English war between 
William III. and Louis XIV.) Count Frontenac. Bloody 
raids on Schenectady, N.Y., Salmon Falls, N.H., etc. Port 
Royal in Acadia taken by Sir William Phips, Governor 
of Massachusetts. Failures against Quebec and Montreal. 
Sack of Haverhill. Peace of Ryswick, 1697, restored Port 
Royal to French. 

Queen Anne'^s War, 1702-1713 — (War of Spanish Succes- 
sion.) Massacre of Deerfield (1701). Attempt upon Port 
Royal and Quebec. Capture of Port Royal. Treaty of 
Utrecht, 1713. — French gave up all Nova Scotia, formerly 
called Acadia, and all claims to Newfoundland and Hudson 
Bay. This was first extension of English boundaries, by 
actual conquest, at the expense of the French. Establish- 
ment of French forts and settlements in Mississippi 
Valley. 

King George's War, 1744-1748. — (War of Austrian Suc- 
cession.) French activity in Nova Scotia. Unsuccessful 
attack on Annapolis (Port Royal). Capture of Louishurg 
(1745), by William Pepperell, commanding 4000 New Eng- 
enders. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) restored Louis- 
burg to French. From the Colonial standpoint, a great error. 

17 



OUTLINE OF i AMERICAN HISTORY 

I 
The French an^ Indian War, 1754-1763 

Causes. — Great struggle for possession of North Americai 
Importance of Ohio Valley recognized by both sides. Ohio 
Company (Virginia). La Salle's explorations, basis of 
French claim. Formal possession for France taken by Bien- 
ville. Chain of French forts — Presque Isle (Erie, Pa.), 
Fort le Boeuf (Waterford, Pa.), Venango (near Frank- 
lin, Pa.). 

Washington sent by Dinwiddie (Governor of Virginia), 
with letter of remonstrance to commander of Fort le Boeuf. 
French refused to withdraw — a practical declaration of 
war. English attempted to hold junction of Allegheny 
and Monongahela rivers by building stockade (Feb., 1754). 
In April, the English driven out; French finished the 
stockade and called it Fort Duquesne. Washington built 
Fort Necessity. Overpowered by superior force of French, 
honorable surrender (July 4, 1754). Both sides prepared 
for war. 

The War. — Meeting of delegates at Albany to promote 
united action. Franklin's famous " Albany Plan of Union " : 
(a) President to be appointed by king ; (6) Grand Council 
elected by colonial assemblies. Too aristocratic for colonies, 
too democratic for king — rejected by both. 

Braddock's defeat. — Attempt to capture Fort Duquesne 
by European methods of. warfare. Victory for French. 
Washington's courage and skill put to the test. 

Expulsion of Acadians. Failure of expedition against 
Niagara. 

Formal declaration of war between Great Britain and 
France (thus joining in the Seven Years' War) in May, 1756. 

The Marquis de Montcalm took Oswego (1756), Fort 
William Henry (1757), repulsed Abercrombie with superior 

18 



COLONIAL CONDITIONS, 1763 



force at Ticonderoga (July, 1758) ; defeated by Wolfe at 
Quebec. Death, 1759. 

William Pitt by his forceful policy (1756-1761) changed 
tide of defeat. Capture of Louisburg, Amherst; of Fort 
Duquef^iie and Fort Fronteiiac (1758). 

Fall of Quebec, Sept., 1759. — This great battle secured 
America to Great Britain and gave Wolfe immortal fame, 
a turning-point in Modern History. The capture of Mon- 
treal (1760) practically ended war in America. Conspiracy 
of Pontiac (1763). 

Treaty of Paris, 1763. — Great Britain obtained Canada 
and Cape Breton, all but two islands of St. Lawrence, and 
all territory east of Mississippi River except New Orleans. 
Spain received all territory west of Mississippi and New 
Orleans, but gave Florida to the English in. exchange for 
Cuba. 

COLONIAL CONDITIONS 

Colonies in Governmental Groups : — 

{Connecticut, 
Massachusetts, 
Rhode Island. 
{Pennsylvania, 
Delaware, 
Maryland. 
New Hampshire 
New York, 
New Jersey, 
Virginia, 
North Carolina, 
South Carolina, 
. Georgia. 

Over the colonies, as a governing body to aid the king, 
there were in London the Lords of Trade and Plantations. 

19 



1. The charter colonies 



2. The proprietary colonies 



3. The royal (or provincial) colonies 



OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

Under them in America were the royal and proprietary 
governors, who, with the local colonial legislatures, managed 
the affairs of the colonies. 

Colonies in Geographical Groups : — 

1. The Eastern were engaged in commerce, fishing, and 

farming. 

2. The Middle, in commerce and farming. 

3. The Southern, in raising two great staples — rice and 

tobacco. 
The result of these occupations was that town life existed 
in the Eastern and Middle colonies, but was not found in the 
Southern. Labor was performed by (a) the apprentice, (h) 
the indentured servant, (c) the redemptioner, (d) the slave. 
There was little or no manufacturing, and there were specific 
acts of trade forbidding iron, cloth, and hat making in the 
colonies, and numerous navigation acts limiting commerce to 
English vessels, and with English ports. Thus the English 
selfish policy of treating the colonies as existing only for 
England's benefit, early sowed the seeds of discontents 

THE AMERICAN EEVOLUTION 

CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION, 1763-1775 

The territory which England received from France and 
Spain by the treaty of Paris (1763) was cut into — 
(a) Province of Quebec, (c) West Florida, 

{h) East Florida, {d) Indian Country. 

The proclamation line defining the Indian Country marked 
the zone of colonization to the west. To provide for the 
defense of this new country, a new colonial policy was neces- 
ary. The expenses of 10,000 regular troops for defenses 
were to be paid partly by the crown and partly by the colo- 

20 



THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 

nies. The share to be paid by the latter was to be raised, 
(1) by enforcing old trade and navigation acts; (2) by taxes 
on sugar and molasses ; (3) by stamp act, 1765. 

The question at issue was, "Shall Parliament tax Amer- 
ica?" not "Shall America support an army?" 

Protest of the colonists against direct taxation was shown 
by- 

(1) Writs of Assistance (James Otis, 1761). 

(2) The Parsons' Case (Patrick Henry). 
(8) The Virginia Resolutions. 

(4) Declaration of Rights and Grievances (1765). 

(5) Organization of Sons of Liberty. 

(6) Non-Importation Agreements. 

The Stamp Act was repealed of necessity, but Parliament 
persisted in a right to tax (1766). 
The Toimshend Acts (1767) : — 

(1) Against New York — Mutiny Act. 

(2) Against Boston — Legalizing AVrits of Assistance. 

(3) Taxed glass, lead, paper, tea, and painters' colors. 

Opposition to Townshend Acts brought about the dissolu- 
tion of the Colonial Legislatures. The " Boston Massacre " 
(1770). The taxes of the Townshend Acts repealed (1770), 
except that on tea, which was kept to maintain the principle 
of taxation. The burning of the Gaspee, 1772. Tea sent to 
America. The colonists refused to receive it. "Committees 
of Correspondence" (1773). Boston "Tea Party" (1773). 

The resistance of the colonists was punished by the Five 
" Intolerable Acts ": — 

(1) Boston Port Bill — closing harbor. 

(2) Transportation Bill — transportation of those accused 
of crime. 

(3) Massachusetts Bill — abrogating charter. 

21 



OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

(4) Quartering Act — quartering the troops on people. 

(5) Quebec Act — enlarging Canada at expense of colonies. 
The severity of these acts brought about The First Conti- 
nental Congress, 1774 (Sept. 5 to Oct. 26), at Philadelphia. 

Besides issuing an address to the colonies, to Canada, to 
the people of Great Britain, and to the king, they issued also 
a new Declaration of Colonial Rights, in which they clearly 
set forth the political claims of the colonies and named 
eleven different acts passed in violation of these rights. 
They next formed the " American Association " and ordered 
that another congress should meet May 10, 1775, to take 
action on the result of the petition to the king. Before this 
second congress could assemble, however, the crisis in 
Massachusetts proclaimed that war had begun. The stub- 
born character of George III. and his ascendency over 
Parliament made conciliation impossible. 

The War of the Revolution, 1 775-1 783 

1775-1776 
- In New England and Canada 

1775. Battle of Lexington and Concord (A.)*, April 19, 

Parker — Pitcairn. 
Second Continental Congress, May 10, 1775. 
Continental Army formed. Washington, head. 
Ticonderoga (A.), Allen. 
Battle of Bunker Hill (B.)*, Sir W. Howe — Pres^ 

cott. 
Siege of Boston, Washington — Gage. 
Arnold's march to Quebec. 
Capture of Montreal (A.), Montgomery. 
Montgomery defeated at Quebec (B.). 

1776. Evacuation of Boston (A.), March 17. 

* (A) = American success. (B) = British success. 

22 



THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 

1776-1778 
Principalis/ in Middle States 

i776. Washington marched to New York. 

Fort Moultrie, S.C. (A.), Moultrie — Clinton. 
Declaration of Independence (July 4). 

Battle of Long Island (B.), Sir W. Howe, Ad= 
miral Howe — Putnam, Washington. 

Evacuation of New York (B.). 

Washington's Retreat across New Jersey (B.). 

Defeat of Hessians at Trenton (A.), Dec. 26, 
Washington — Rahl. 
1777. Battle of Princeton (A.), Jan. 3, Washington. 

Washington wintered at Morristown. 

Howe transferred British army to Chesapeake Bay. 

Washington moved to defend Philadelphia. 

Battle of Brandywine (B.), Sir W. Howe — Wash- 
ington. 

Howe entered Philadelphia (B.). 

Battle of Germantown (B.), Sir Wo Howe — Wash- 
ington. 

Burgoyne^s Invasion with St. Leger. 

Battle of Oriskany (A.), Herkimer — Johnson. 

Fort Stanwix. St. Leger defeated (A.). 

Battle of Bennington (A.), Stark — Baum. 

Battle of Bemis Heights, drawn battle. Gates — 
Burgoyne. 

Battle of Stillwater (A.), Arnold, Morgan — Bur- 
goyne. 

Burgoyne's surrender at Saratoga (A.), Oct. 17. 
One of the great events of the world. It saved 
New York, destroyed the British plan of war, 

2B 



OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

induced the king to offer concessions (except 
independence) and secured the aid of France. 
Credit for success due Arnold and Morgan. 

American's winter at Valley Forge — " Conway 
Cabal.** Foreign officers — Steuben, De Kalb^ 
Pulaski, Lafayette. 
1778. Alliance with France. 

Clinton retreated from Philadelphia {A.^. 

Battle of Monmouth, drawn battle, Washington— 

Clinton. Lee's disgrace. 
Wyoming Massacre — Sullivan's retaliation. 
George Rogers Clark subdued Northwest. 
Paul Jones's naval victories. 
1778-1 T81 
Principally in the Southern States 

1778. The South invaded. 

Savannah captured by Clinton, Dec. 29. 

1779. Conquest of Georgia (B.). 
Lincoln's attack on Savannah (B.), 

Wayne's capture of Stony Paint, in the North (A.). 

1780. Capture of Charleston (B.), Clinton- — Lincoln. 
Battle of Camden (B.), Cornwallis — Gates. 

Arrival of French army at Newport. 
Arnold's treason, N.Y. Andre. 

Battle of King's Mountain (A.), Sevier — Ferguson. 
Greene took command in the South. 

1781. Battle of Cowpens (A.), Morgan— Tarleton. 
Cornwallis's march from Charleston. 
Greene's masterly retreat across North Carolina. 
Battle of Guilford Court House (B.), Cornwallis — 

Greene. 

24 



ATTEMPT TO ESTABLISH A GOVERNMENT 

Greene's recovery of the South (A.), Marion, 
Lee, and Morgan. 

Cornwallis and Arnold in Virginia. 
Washington and Rochambeau hurried to Virginia. 
De Grasse arrived with fleet. 
Capture of Yorktown (A.), Oct. 19. 
Surrender of Cornwallis to Washington and La- 
fayette; practical end of war. 
1783. Treaty of Peace signed at Paris, Sept. 3. 

Causes of American Success 

1. Unfailing courage and ability of Washington 

2. The persistent spirit of the American patriots. 

3. Alliance and support of the French. 

4c The weakness of the British commanders in 
the field. 

5. The inability of the English to send reenforce- 

ments to their army because of other wars. 

6. General apathy of British public. 

Attempt to establish a Government 

The Second Continental Congress, by general consent, 
continued the direction of affairs, having no defined powers, 
and being justified by the necessities of the war. 

Li 1776, all the colonies except New York (1777), Georgia 
(1777), and Massachusetts (1780), adopted constitutions and 
became states. 

The Articles of Confederation. — Framed by the Continental 
Congress, YIll, but disputes about Western territories de- 
layed their adoption by all the colonies until March 1, 1781. 
Little more than a treaty between sovereign states. 

Provided a government consisting of a Congress of one 
house, composed of two to seven delegates from each stat© 



OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

each of the thirteen states having only one vote. This Con^ 
gress governed through officers (Secretary of War, etc.) 
whom it appointed. 

Failure on account of lack of provision (1) for en- 
forcing laws; (2) for raising money, (3) for regulation 
of commerce. Congress constantly weaker. Quarrels 
between states. No public credit. Desperate state of af- 
fairs ; called the " Critical Period " of our history. 

Ordinance of 1787. — Only important act of Congress dur- 
ing this period. Provided free government and no slavery 
for Northwest Territory ; i.e. region bounded by Ohio, Mis- 
sissippi, and Great Lakes. 

Shays's Rebellion, in Massachusetts. Emphasized need of 
strong federal government. 

The Making of the Constitution. — Trade Meeting at An- 

napolis, 1786, — only five states sent delegates. Call issued 
for convention to devise " for a more perfect union." 

Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, May to Septem- 
ber, 1787. Washington presiding officer; 55 members. 
Madison and Hamilton leaders. Rivalry between large and 
small states ; three great compromises : 

(1) Equal representation of states in the Senate ; repre- 
sentation according to size in House of Representatives. 

(2) Three fifths of slaves to count as basis of representa- 
tion. 

(3) Importation of slaves guaranteed until 1808, after 
which forbidden. Silence about slavery. 

The Constitution (1) created separate legislative, executive, 
and judicial departments. 

(2) It divided national legislature (Congress) into two 
bodies, with authority from people and nearly equal legisla- 
tive jurisdiction, thus imposing a check on hasty legislation 
and of power by a single body. 

26 



THE CONSTITUTION 

(3) It established a supreme court with power to decide 
on constitutionality of laws passed by Congress. 

(4) By its checks and balances, it distributed power, so 
that liberty should never be in danger. Important checks : 
(a) division of sovereignty between nation and state ; (h) fre- 
quent popular elections; (c) concurrent jurisdiction of 
two houses ; {<]) veto power of President ; (e) independence 
of judiciary ; (/) confirming power of Senate. 

Contest to pass the Constittitlon. — When the Constitution 
was published, it met warm friends and opponents. Its friends 
(" Federalists ") were (1) those who recognized in it an ad- 
mirable system ; (2) those who considered it best attainable 
government for United States; (3) mercantile and manu- 
facturing class who favored its power over commerce and 
revenue. Its adversaries (" Anti-Federalists ") were (1) those 
who opposed enlargement of federal powers; (2) the 
officers afraid of being ousted ; (3) those believing its pro- 
visions dangerous to state rights and liberties; (i) those 
opposing any energetic government protecting rights of 
property. Importance of the " Federalist," valuable exposi- 
tions of Constitution by Hamilton, Madison, and others. 

The decisions in the states on the adoption of the new 
Constitution came from conventions of the people. 

Delaware was the first state to ratify, Dec. 7, 1787. Seven 
other states ratified it before the following June. New 
Hampshire, the ninth state, ratified, June 21, 1788, and on 
that day, therefore, the Constitution was established between 
the nine states, as called for in Article VII., superseding 
the Articles of Confederation. Virginia and New York 
ratified immediately, making eleven in the Union. 

The Continental Congress ordered that electors should be 
chosen the first Wednesday in January, 1789, to vote for the 
President the first Wednesday in February, and that a new 

27 



OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

Congress should meet in New York on the first Wednesday 
in March (happened to be March 4). 

Washington unanimously elected first President; John 
Adams, having the next largest number of votes, elected 
Vice President. 

Washington sworn into office in front of Federal Hall, 
New York, April 30, 1789. 

THE UNITED STATES UNDER THE CON- 
STITUTION 

GEORGE WASHINGTON (Va,), 1789-1797 

JOHN ADAMS, V. P, 

New government organized. 
Supreme, circuit, and district courts established. 
Departments of State, War, and Treasury formed. 
First Ten Amendments adopted. 

Hamilton's Financial Measures : — 

(1) Tax on foreign goods. (4) United States Bank. 

(2) Funding Bill. (5) Exciss Law. 

(3) Assumption Bill. 

Secretaries : — 

Thomas Jefferson, State. 
Alexander Hamilton, Treasury. 
Henry Knox, War. 

Before the end of Washington's first term he had begun 
to consult Attorney General Edmund Randolph, Chief 
Justice John Jay, and Vice President Adams, as well as his 
three secretaries. Germ of the Cabinet. 

Ratification by North Carolina, 1789, and Rhode Island, 
1790. 

28 



ADMINISTRATION OF ADAMS 

Indian troubles — Harmar, St. Clair, Wayne. 

Vermont admitted to Union, 1791; Kentucky, 1792. Citi- 
zen Genet's Mission. Whisky Rebellion. Jay's Treaty^ 
1794. Tennessee admitted, 1796. Washington's Farewell 
Address. Retirement to private life. 

The administration of Washington organized the new govern- 
ment on a broad and permanent basis. Washington was an 
aristocrat by birth, position, and inclination. On the other hand, 
his dignity, self-control, sympathy, and unfailing judgment made 
him revered by tlie masses of the people. Trained by experience, 
he had the essentials of statesmanship — great character, dignity, 
rectitude of purpose, and knowledge of men. 



JOHN ADAMS (Mass.), 1797-1801 

THOMAS JEFFERSON, V. P. 

War with France barely averted. " X. Y. Z." letters. 

Alien and Sedition Laios.~'T\\Q Alien law increased the 
time necessary for naturalization to fourteen years, and 
authorized President to arrest and expel from the country 
foreigners whom he deemed dangerous. The Sedition law 
punished any one who, by writing or speaking, tended to 
bring the government into contempt. Both very unpopular. 
Helped cause the downfall of Federalists. 

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798. — (1) That Alien 
and Sedition acts are open violations of the Constitution. 
(2) That the Constitution is merely an agreement between 
states as equal partners. (3) That each state may decide 
whether a law is against the Constitution or not. 

Capital removed from Philadelphia to Washington (1800). 

Decline of the Federalist party. Death of Washington 
(1799). Tie for the Presidency (XII. Amendment), " Mid- 
night appointments.'* 

29 



OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

Adams's administration was one of the stormiest in our history: 
from a party standpoint, a failure ; from that of national interest, 
a success. Adams was unfortunate in being Washington's suc- 
cessor, in inheriting the troubles with France, and in being at 
variance with political leaders. His defeat came very largely from 
the rise of new ideas. 

THOMAS JEFFERSON (Va.), i8oi-i8og 

AARON BURR AND GEORGE CLINTON, V. P'S. 

Leading men. — Gallatin, Marshall, Madison, and Han- 
dolph. 

Triumph of Anti-Federalists or Democratic-Republicans, 
now coming to be called Democrats. Beginning of a sim- 
pler regime at Washington. 

War with Tripoli, 1801. — Spirited resistance to Tripolitan 
pirates. Decatur. Burning of the Philadelphia. 

Louisiana Purchase, 1803. — Louisiana bought by Jeffer- 
son, for $15,000,000, from Napoleon. Contrary to Demo- 
cratic principle of " strict construction " of the Constitution. 
Results — secured Western boundary, opened Mississippi 
Valley to settlement, gave precedent for acquiring new 
territory. 

Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-1806, first exploration 
of far Northwest. Basis of future claims for United States. 

Aaron Burr — duel with Hamilton (1804); conspiracy, 
Blennerhasset, 1805 and 1806 ; trial ; lived on in obscurity. 

American commerce and carrying trade injured by Berlin 
and Milan decrees, and by Orders in Council. Attempt to 
retaliate by 

The Embargo and Non^ Intercourse acts, 1807 and 1808. 
Ruinous to American merchant marine. Caused great dis- 
content; did not greatly affect Britain or France. Feeling 
against England. Leopard and Chesapeake affair. 

30 



ADMINISTRATION OF MADISON 

First successful steamboat — Fulton, 1807. 

Jefferson an idealist, more a political philosopher than a practi- 
cal statesman. He was a widely cultured country gentleman, with 
a profound belief in human capacity for progress. He had liberal 
political theories, and his exposition of general republican (demo- 
cratic) ideas still meets wide approval. He understood the Ameri- 
can people, and molded public opinion as few men have done. 

JAMES MADISON (Va.), 1809-1817 

GEORGE CLINTON AND ELBRIDGE GERRY, V. P'S. 

The Macon Bill. Trade restored with England and 
France. Napoleon's trickery helped to increase feeling 
against England. 

Indian troubles. — Battle of Tippecanoe, William Harri- 
son — Tecumseh. 

Causes of War of 1812 set forth in proclamation against 
England : — 

(1) Tampering with Indians — encouraging them in 
recent oucbreak. 

(2) Interfering with American trade by Orders in 
Council. 

(3) Searching American vessels on the high seas and near 
our ports. 

(4) Impressing American sailors. 

Conditions at beginning of war. — American navy num- 
bered twelve ships and a few useless " gunboats " ; British 
navy about 1000 vessels, some the most powerful afloat. 
Brilliant and successful sea fights. American army, men 
undisciplined, and officers generally politicians, so land 
battles failures until political officers were removed and men 
properly disciplined. 

31 



OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 



The War of 1812 

The war may be divided into: (1) War along the border 
of Canada; (2) War along the Atlantic Coast; (3) Wai; 
in the Gulf States. 

War along the Border of Canada 
1812. Hull's cowardly surrender of Detroit (B.). 

Battle of Queenstown Heights (B.), Van Rensselaer 



Four Naval Engagements : — 
Constitution took Guerriere (A.), 
Wasp took Frolic (A.). 
United States took Macedonian (A.). 
Constitution took Java (A.). 

In excuse for these victories, admiralty in England claimed 
(1) American navy by no means inadequate ; (2) the 
American ships must have had advantage in guns and men ; 
(3) American frigates were ships of the line in disguise. 

Famous American Naval Commanders. — Capt. Isaac Hull, 
Capt. Bainbridge {Constitution) \ Capt. Decatur {United 
States) ; Capt. Lawrence ( Wasp, Hornet, Chesapeake) ; Capt. 
Porter (Essex) ; Capt. Perry {Lake Erie) ; Capt. Mac- 
donough {Lake Champlain). 

1813. The Massacre of Raisin River (B.), Proctor — Win- 
chester. 

Capture and Burning of York (Toronto) by Dear* 
born (A.). 

Siege of Fort Meigs and Fort Stevenson (A.), 

Battle of the Thames (A.). 

Unsuccessful Montreal campaign. 

Chrysler's Farm. 



THE WAU OF 1812 

Naval engagements : — 

Perry's Victory on Lake Erie (A.). 

Hornet took Peacock (A.) . 

Cruise of Essex in the Pacific (A.). 

Chesapeake taken by Shannon (B.), June 1, Capt. 
Lawrence, — "Don't give up the ship." 

Argus taken by Pelican (B.). 

Enterprise took Boxer (A.). 
Geno Andrew Jackson revenged the massacre at Fort 

Mims. 
1814. Capture of Fort Erie (A.). 
Battle of Chippewa (A.). 
Battle of Lundy's Lane (A.), Gen. Brown, Lieut 

Scott. 
Macdonough's victory on Lake Champlain (A.). 
Battle of Fort Erie (A.). 

War along the Atlantic Coast 

1813. Blockade below New York. 

Chesapeake Bay made an English naval base. 

1814. Stonington, Connecticut, plundered. 
Eastern half of Maine seized. 
Washington burned. 

Baltimore attacked. <^ Star-Spangled Banner." 

War in the Gulf States 
iB14. Jackson captured Pensacola (A.). 

1815. Battle of New Orleans (A.), General Jackson — Sir 

Edward Pakenham. Only brilliant American land 
victory. 
1814. Naval Engagements: — 

Essex taken by Phoebe and Cherub (B.). 
Peacock took Epervier (A). 
Wasp took Avon (A). 

33 



OUTLINE OF AMEKICAN HISTORY 

1815. President taken by British fleet (B.). 

Constitution took Cyane and Levant (A.). 

Hornet took Penguin (A.). 

Peace signed at Ghent, Christmas Eve, 1814. News 
of it reached America the middle of February. 
The treaty did not touch the impressment abuse, 
the right of search, or Orders in Council, for which 
the war had been waged. The American naval 
victories lessened the danger from these causes. 
Fact that England was busy with Napoleon, 1812- 
1815, helped United States. 

The Hartford Convention, 1814. — Climax of disaffection in 
New England, where there was much opposition to the war. 
Federalist delegates recommended constitutional amend- 
ments which would have disrupted the Union, and asserted 
the doctrine of " states rights " very strongly. The treaty of 
peace removed chief grievance before commissioners reached 
Washington. 

Attitude of New England at this time used later as argu- 
ment to support contention of the South that states had a 
right to secede. 

Trouble with Barbary States settled by Decatur. 

Tariff of 1816. — First "protective tariff," due to the war 
and rise of manufactures. Beginning of policy of "protec- 
tion," followed to a greater or less degree ever since. 

Second Bank of the United States, chartered 1816, for 
20 years. First Bank, founded by Hamilton, ended 1811. 

Madison a cabinet statesman. Concerned in all the important 
measures and events of early national life. A man of high char- 
acter and a statesman of the first order, a master of the principles 
of government, but not fitted for practical application of these 
principles. His cabinet was not very efficient, finances were badly 
managed, and the War Department at loose ends. 



ADMINISTRATION OF MONROE 
JAMES MONROE (Va.), 1817-1825 

DANIEL D. TOMPKINS, V. P. 

Era of Good Feeling — Federalist party extinct. No po- 
iitical contest between parties. Only one vote against Mon- 
roe, second term. 

Mississippi admitted (1817), Illinois (1818). 

Seminole war — Jackson — Pensacola. Slight interna- 
tional complication. 

Boundary Disputes. — 49th parallel northern boundary, as 
far as Rockies. Acquisition of Florida from Spain, 1819. 
Western boundary of Louisiana settled along the Sabine, 
Red, and Arkansas rivers; then along 42d parallel to Pacific. 

Monroe Doctrine. — The Russian claims on the Pacific; 
the recognition of the South American Republics; the 
proposal of the "Holy Alliance." Monroe's annual Message 
(1823) announced that (1) the United States M'ould not in- 
terfere in Europe, (2) nor with any recognized European 
colonies in America ; but that (3) no new European colonies 
should be planted in America, and (4) the United States would not 
^'vieiv with indifference" an attempt hy any nation of Europe to 
reduce " an independent nation of North or South America to the 
condition of a colony." 

The Slavery Question — Its importance already felt. States 
admitted in pairs. Application of two Northern states, 
Maine and Missouri, caused alarm in South. Bitter contest 
resulting in 
The Missouri Compromise, 1820: — 

(1) The admission of Maine as a free state. 

(2) The admission of Missouri as a slave state. 

(3) The extension of the southern border line of Mis- 
souri (36° 30') through the remainder of the Louisiana 



OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

purchase, with the agreement that territory north of this 
line should forever remain free. Due largely to Henry Clay; 
the first of his three famous compromises. 

Tariff of 1824. — Higher duties on wool, woolen and cot- 
ton goods, iron, and hemp, meant financial loss to the South; 
benefited Northern manufacturers. 

Mise ofNetv Parties.— Democratic^ tariff " for revenue only,' 
"strict construction" of the Constitution. Led by Jackson. 
National Republican, protective tariff, internal improvements, 
"broad construction." Led by Clay and Adams. 

Lafayette guest of the Nation. Enthusiastic reception. 

Bitter struggle at presidential election of 1824 between 
the new parties. Charge of corrupt bargains against Adams. 

Monroe was fortunate not only in having to preside over a united 
people, but in choosing good advisers. His satisfactory adminis- 
tration was neither supported nor opposed by any party associa- 
tion, or by any party principles. He behaved with great dignity 
toward the intriguing politicians, who were aiming to succeed him. 
Generally regarded as the weakest of early presidents. Has suf- 
fered, however, from comparison with four or five illustrious 
associates — Washington, Marshall, Hamilton, Jefferson, and Madii. 
sou. 

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (Mass.), 1825-1829 

JOHN C. CALHOUN, V. P. 

Internal improvements the keynote of the President's 
inaugural address. Erie Canal (DeWitt Clinton) and its 
results. Great Western movements. 

Pennsylvania route to the West. Baltimore route. 

Panama Congress for American Republics. Delegates 
finally sent to establish commerce between the republics 
and to reaffirm the Monroe Doctrine. No results accom- 
plished. United States now knew that friendship but not 



ADMINISTRATION OF JACKSON 

brotherhood, encouragement but not alliance, were only 
possible relations with these republics. 

Death of Jefferson and John Adams, July 4, 1826. 

Troubles with the Cherokee Indians in Georgia. 

Tariff of 1828, the so-called "tariff of abominations,'* 
or "the Woolen Tariff of 1828," represented the high-water 
mark of protective legislation before the Civil War. A po- 
litical job. Obnoxious features in it intended either to kill 
the measure or to kill Adams's chances for second term if he 
signed it. 

South Carolina's discontent. John C. Calhoun^s famous 
" Exposition " and protest. Growth of State Sovereignty 
sentiment in South. 

Adams was a man of upright character, great ability, and high 
integrity, but he had his father's coldness of manner and inability 
to make friends. His policy was vigorous, but too bold for a 
minority President to pursue, as Congress opposed him in every 
way. His appointments were good, but obnoxious to the people. 
The rise of new ideas was the real cause of his defeat, although 
be refused to do any electioneering, and his campaign was badly 
managed. 

ANDREW JACKSON (Tenn.), 1829-1837 

JOHN C. CALHOUN AND MARTIN VAN BUREN, V. f'S. 

Triumph of the Democratic Party. Development of the 
^* Party of the People." New features: — 

(1) Removal of old property qualifications for voters. 

(2) Popular vote instead of appointment in state af- 
fairs. 

(3) System of rotation in office developed. 

(4) Gerrymandering. 

(5) Distribution of offices as rewards — " Spoils system," 
Jackson represented the above ideas. 

SI 



OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

Simple inauguration. Numerous removals from federal 
offices — putting " Spoils system" into practice. "Kitchen 
Cabinet." Webster-Hayne Debate. Hayne for " Nullifica- 
tion " on the grounds that the Union was a league of sover- 
eign states. Webster for a supreme indissoluble national 
government. 

Importance of Jackson's toast (1830) — 'K)ur Federal 
Union ; it must be preserved " : 

(1) Showed South he would stop nullification move- 
ment. 

(2) Warned North of plot against Union. Caused final 
break with Vice-President Calhoun. 

Rise of Abolitionist Party. — William Lloyd Garrison's 
"Liberator," 1831. Anti-Slavery Societies. 
The Black Hawk War, 1832. "^ 
Bill to recharter bank vetoed, 1832. Jackson's reasons; — 

(1) The monopoly was too cheap at $3,000,000; it should 
be auctioned off. 

(2) As to existing bank, foreigners held too much stock. 

(3) Suspicions of mismanagement were not set at rest. 
The Tariff of 1832. — Reduction from that of 1828, but 

still protective, and objectionable to the South. Result: — 
Nullification ^c#. — Calhoun, — passed by South Carolina 
(Nov., 1832). 

(1) It forbade all appeal to Supreme Court, leaving South 
Carolina sole arbiter. 

(2) The two tariffs were pronounced null and void. 

(3) Any attempt to coerce South Carolina to result in 
immediate organization of separate government. 

In other words, South Carolina, by this act, put into prac- 
tice the doctrine of " states rights," assumed the right to 
" nullify " acts of Congress, and threatened to " secede " if 
the United States government tried to enforce these acts, 

38 



ADMINISTRATION OF JACKSON 

X serious situation. *' Old Hickory ** bound to uphold the 
Constitution. Congress passed Force Bill (March 2, 1833). 
War averted only by Clay's second compromise measure. — 

The Compromise tariff of 1833 (March 2) providing for 
decrease in tariff each year for next ten years. So South 
Carolina was appeased for the time. 

Presidential campaign, 1832. — Anti-Masonic Party held 
first " nominating convention." National Repuhlicarii^ led by 
Clay (" Clay's Infant School ") framed first party platform 
demanding (1) protection to American Industry; (2) in- 
ternal improvements at government expense; and (3) de- 
nouncing Jackson's removals from office for difference of 
political opinion. Democratic Party, led by Jackson and 
Van Buren, won an overwhelming victory. Jackson's 
reelection meant the fall of the Bank. 

The Bavh still hoped for a new charter and kept on buy- 
ing up Congressmen. In 1833 Jackson advised Congress to 
sell its stock in bank. Investigation proved the bank all 
right. But Jackson indomitable in his opposition. Duane, 
Secretary of Treasury, removed because he would not obey 
the President, and Taney appointed. " Removal of de- 
posits " began. Money transferred to state banks ("pet 
banks "). 

The number of " Wildcat " state banks more than doubled 
in Jackson's second term. An epidemic of speculation de- 
veloped from resulting "cheap money." In 1836 Jackson 
issued his " Specie Circular," requiring public land payments 
to be made in gold and silver. 

Surplus Pevenue distribution.— -The funded debt of 1790 
($75,000,000), increased to $127,000,000 by War of 1812, 
entirely paid off in 1835. The sale of public land and 
the great revenue under the tariff produced a surplus of over 
$40,000,000. Congress, by the Deposit Act, ordered Surplus 

39 



OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

on Hand, Jan. 1, 1837, to be distributed to the states in fouT 
payments. Accordingly, the government paid out $28,000,000, 
exhausting the funds on hand. 

Beginning of railroads (1830) ; rapid growth. Canals. 
Coastwise steamers. River steamboats. 

The Rise of the Whig Party. — Circumstances tended to 
ynite all parties into one against Jackson ism. The name 
" Whig " recalled the patriots of the Revolution, and meant 
opposition to Jackson's high-handed assumption of power 
("The reign of King Andrew"). The basis of the party 
was National Republican ; with this joined the Anti-Masons, 
Southern Seceders, and Carolina nullifiers. All wanted to 
defeat Jackson at any cost. 

The Whigs called no national convention, but picked Gen, 
William Henry Harrison, of Ohio, and Granger, of New 
York, as the strongest of the " state favorites." The Demo- 
crats, in National Convention, nominated Van Buren and 
R. M. Johnson, the favorites of Jackson. All these candi- 
dates were small men backed by greater forces than them- 
selves. The election of Van Buren, a personal victory for 
Jackson. 

Jackson was a man of the people : the first great product of the 
new West. The former Presidents had been educated men, quiet 
and dignified in manner. Jackson had little education, a violent 
temper, and queer manners. His character was decided and strong, 
he brooked no opposition, and carried through whatever he under- 
took. Not a trained statesman, and his opinions were often preju- 
dices. But he was honest, fearless, and truly representative of the 
new democratic principles. 

His foreign policies and treaties, direct trade with West Indies 
and French Spoliation claims, were, on the whole, wise and bril- 
liant. Jefferson and Jackson were the greatest personal rulers the 
United States had so far produced : the former a keen manager 
and persuader ; the latter a patriotic dictator. 

40 



ADMINISTRATION OF VAN BUREN 
MARTIN VAN BUREN (N.Y.), 1837-1841 

RICHARD M. JOHNSON, V. P. 

The Panic of 1837. — The Specie Circular had diverted 
coin to the west, and the call for the Surplus had further 
embarrassed the Eastern Banks. Too many railroads built. 
Money grew scarce, credits stopped, loans were called. In 
March a cotton failure in New Orleans precipitated the 
panic. The banks with $38,000,000 in coin could not meet 
an issue of $.525,000,000 in notes. The "pet" banks sus- 
pended, revealing great defalcation of public money. The 
people, the states, and the federal government were bank- 
rupt. 

Special session of Congress called to consider deposits of 
government funds. Van Buren attributed the panic to 
(1) multiplication of banks; (2) foreign money, $30,000,- 
000, borrowed by states ; (3) reckless speculation in land ; 
(4) vast expenditure on internal improvements. 

He proposed the Sub Treasury Scheme. — Complete divorce 
of government from state and national bank. 

Arguments for — (1) revenues in Government vaults 
would be safe ; (2) it could not be used for speculative or 
for political purposes. 

Arguments against — (1) it would increase executive 
power; (2) the surplus would be idle; (3) it did not 
establish sound currency. 

This so-called " Divorce Bill " did not pass, but as a relief 
measure, the special session stopped the payment of the 
fourth installment of the Surplus Revenue distribution. 

Abolition Petitions refused by Congress (1838). Adams's 
fight against the "Gag Rule," as violating the spirit of the 
first Constitutional amendment, which insures the right to 

41 



OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

petition the government for redress of grievances. The 
Mormo?is settled at Nauvoo, 111. (1839). The continua- 
tion of Seminole War (1835-1842). 

The Campaign of 1840. — -The Log Cabin and hard cider 
campaign. The Democratic convention met in May, de- 
clared against interference with slavery, and renominated 
Van Buren and Johnson. 

Blame for the " hard times ** rested on Democrats. The 
Sub-Treasury hill was passed in June (1840) to aid Van 
Buren. The Whigs held no convention, but by process of 
exclusion named Harrison of Ohio, the old "hero of Tippe- 
canoe," and John Tyler of Virginia. Democrats nominated 
Van Buren. The Liberty Party, or abolitionists, named 
James S. Birney for President. 

Van Buren's administration suffered from having to bear the 
consequences of some of Jackson's acts, particularly of the " Spoils 
System." The Sub-Treasury bill was its most important measure. 
By tactics learned in the political school of Burr, Van Buren rose 
to be governor of New York, and by adulation of Jackson, to be 
President. He really had administrative and diplomatic ability, 
but he was too subservient to Jackson's policy and ideas — was not 
a great man. He had easy manners and was adroit in political 
management, but in trying to please every one, he went too far. 

WILLIAM H. HARRISON (0.), 1841 (March 4-April 4) 
JOHN TYLER (Va.), V. P., and Pres. 1841-1845 

Death of Harrison (April 4, 1841). 

Rupture between Tyler and the Whig Party. — Causes : The 
Independent Treasury Law repealed. Bill to recharter Bank 
of United States under name of " Fiscal Bank of United 
States" vetoed. Second Bill for "Fiscal Corporation," 
framed by Whig cabinet, removed President's objection. 
Tyler broke faith with Congress and vetoed this second bill. 

42 



ADMINISTRATION OF TYLER 

His motives (1) rupture with Clay; (2) ambition for re« 
election. Resignation of entire cabinet, except Webster. 
Tyler formally read out of the Whig Party. 

The Ashburton Treaty, 1842. — Webster, though a strong 
Whig, remained in cabinet to conclude his pending treaty 
with England. It settled the Northeastern boundary dis- 
pute growing out of vague terms in the peace treaty of 1783 ; 
also, cruising convention for suppression of slave trade, mu- 
tual extradition and delivery of criminals agreed upon. 

Dorr's Rebellion in Rhode Island (1841-1842) nearly led 
to civil war. The advocates of a new state constitution 
tried to make Dorr governor. The supporters of the old 
illiberal constitution, after a bitter contest, caused Dorr's 
arrest. 

Negotiation over Texan. — Mexico freed from Spain, 1821. 
Old Spanish Provinces made into states, of which Texas was 
one. Many Americans settled on grants of land. Rebel- 
lion against harsh Mexican rule, 1833. Southern aid given. 
Battle of Jacinto (1836) . Houston — Santa Anna ; — secured 
Independence of Texas, which was recognized by United 
States (1837), England, France, and Belgium. In April, 
1844, Tyler announced secretly prepared treaty. Defeated 
in Senate. Annexation of Texas, i.e. spread of slavery, chief 
issue in campaign of 1844. Congress, hy joint resolution, 
annexed Texas ; four additional states to be made from the 
territory, those north of 36° 30' (Missouri Compromise) to 
be free. Tyler signed this joint resolution three days before 
he left office. 

The Campaign of 1844. —The Democrat'' nominated 
James K. Polk, a "dark horse," but an unconditional an- 
nexationist. The Whigs rallied around Henry Clay, a bril- 
liant orator, and a natural leader, who combined the three 
rare qualities of eloquence, personal influence, and creative 

4a 



OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

power in legislation. His "Alabama Letters'* on slavery 
lost the support of the antislavery men, who joined the 
Liberty Party. This lost Clay New York State and the 
election. Clay never again took an active part in politics, — 
his life ambition was gone. Polk and Dallas were elected. 

The Tyler administration reaped the fruit of the Whig feud. 
Tyler was an amiable man of some capacity. His conscience was 
tender and sensitive in small matters, but callous to deeper actions. 
He lacked discretion, and was not a natural leader. He was not a 
Whig, but a dissatisfied Democrat nominated for Vice President to 
secure votes. His becoming President shows the danger of such a 
course, and the weakness of the office of Vice President. Tyler's 
term makes clear the importance of choosing properly qualified 
candidates for Vice President. 

JAMES K. POLK (Tenn.) 1845-1849 

GEORGE M. DALLAS, V. P. 

The Sub-Treasury System, 1846. — By the election of 1844, 
the Democrats had obtained entire control of the govern- 
ment. The Sub-Treasury System, first framed in 1840 and 
repealed by the Whigs in 1841, was reestablished in 1846, 
and is still in its main features the financial method of 
handling government funds to-day. 

The Tariff of 1846. — A new tariff, for revenue only, swept 
away the " American System " — the union of protective 
tariff and internal improvements. This tariff system re- 
mained in force until 1861, when a tariff for protection was 
again passed. 

The Oregon Country was, by the agreement of 1818, to be 
held jointly by England and the United States. The north 
boundary between Oregon and Russian Alaska fixed at 
54° 40', in 1825. The claims of the United States were 
based on (1) discovery by Captain Gray (1792), (2) explorar 

44 



THE MEXICAN WAR 

tion by Lewis and Clark (1805) [see p. 30], 'land (3) earl^ 

settlement by Astor (1811). The British cdaims were based 
upon Hudson Bay Company trading posts, but this company 
kept out government settlers. Through the labors of Dr. 
Whitman, Americans settled the Columbia River region and 
"saved" the Oregon territory. The political watchwords 
of 1844 were " The whole of Oregon or none," and " Fifty- 
four forty or fight." The treaty of 1846 with England, how- 
ever, fixed our northern boundary at the 49th parallel. Two 
years later (1848), Oregon territory was organized, exclud- 
ing slavery, as it was north of 36° 30' (Missouri Compromise), 
and Congress applied the Ordinance of 1787. 

The Mexican War, 1846, 1847 

Cause.-— Disputes as to whether the Rio Grande or 
Neuces River was the boundary of Texas. The United 
States claimed the former. General Taylor, ordered to take 
possession of disputed territory, marched to Fort Brown 
(Brownsville) on the Rio Grande. A scouting party, under 
Captain Thornton, was captured (April 24, 1846). This first 
bloodshed the basis of Polk's fiery message to Congress, that 
war existed " by the act of Mexico." Lincoln's " spot resolu- 
tions." 

Taylor's Campaign 

Palo Alto, May 8, 1846 (A.), General Taylor — Arista (?). 
Resaca de la Palma, May 9 (A.), Taylor. 
Siege of Monterey, Sept. 22-24, 1846 (A.), Taylor — 
Santa Anna. 

In the far West. — Conquest of California (A.), Commo- 
dores Sloat and Stockton aided by Fremont, 1846. 
Conquest of New Mexico (A.), General Kearney. 

Buena Vista, Feb. 23, 1847 (A.), Taylor — Santa Anna. 

45 



V 
OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

A 

l^coWs Campaign, 1847 

Series of battles between Scott and Santa Anna. — Capture 
of Vera Cruz, March 27; Cerro Gordo, April 18; Pueblo, 
May 15; Contreras, Aug. 19 ; San Antonio, Aug. 20 ; Churu- 
busco, Aug. 20; Molino del Rey, bloodiest battle of war, 
Sept. 8 ; Chapultepec, Sept. 13 ; triumphal entry into Mexi- 
can capital, Sept. 14, 1847. — All American successes. 

Summary. — Taylor and Scott wrested stronghold after 
stronghold from the hands of greatly superior forces. Amer- 
ican troops won every pitched battle. The superior morale 
of these volunteer troops was in marked contrast with the 
inefficiency of the War of 1812. The war also important for 
the training it furnished young officers — McClellan, Grant, 
" Stonewall" Jackson, Lee, etc., who were destined to play 
important parts in the Civil War. 

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (Feb. 2, 1848) granted 
(1) to the United States all territory north of the Rio 
Grande and Gila rivers; (2) to Mexico $15,000,000 in re- 
turn, and the payment of her debt of $3,000,000 due to 
American citizens. This new territory included not only 
the present California and New Mexico, but also Nevada, 
Arizona, Utah, and parts of Colorado and W^yoraing. 

By the Gadsden Purchase (1853), the United States pur- 
chased, for $10,000,000, over 45,000 square miles of land 
south of the Gila River. This purchase established the 
present American boundary line with Mexico. 

The Wilmot Proviso. — An amendment by Representative 
Wilmot of Pennsylvania to a bill then pending (1846) that 
no money should be appropriated to purchase territory un- 
less slavery were prohibited therein. The amendment was 
lost in the Senate, but the principle involved in it became 
the chief issue in the next campaign. 

46 



ADMINISTRATION OF TAYLOR 

The Campaign of 1848. — "The Stars and Stripes Cam- 
paign," The Whigs nominated General Zachary Taylor, of 
L/Ouisiana, and Millard Fillmore, of New York, but made no 
statement of principles. The Democrats nominated Lewis 
Cass, of Michigan, and William O. Butler.^ Their platform 
silent about extension of slavery. This refusal of the two 
parties to meet the question of the hour, slavery in the terri- 
tories, gave rise to the Free Soil Party composed of some 
Whigs, the Wilmot Proviso Democrats, and the remnant of 
the old Liberty Party. The Free Soil Party nominated 
ex-President Van Buren and Charles F. Adams and declared 
for " Free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men." The 
Whigs won their second and last great political vict,ory. 

Polk's administration, viewed from the standpoint of results, was 
one of the greatest in our national history. He succeeded because 
he insisted on being the center. A compromise candidate, pledged 
to one term, he was singularly fortunate in his cabinet of distin- 
guished Democrats, representing all sections. His solid abilities, 
extraordinary energy, and indomitable will produced brilliant 
results at every crisis, whatever his motives may have been. In 
private life he was frank and courteous. His habits were simple 
and his character blameless. 

ZACHARY TAYLOR (La.) 1849-1850 

MILLARD FILLMORE (W.Y.), V. P., and Pres. 1850-1853 

Sectional Feeling. — From 1849 the growing feeling be- 
tween tl)e North and South advanced steadily. From the 
very beginning of Taylor's term, most of the country's diffi- 
culties were connected with slavery ; Congress had recently 
excluded slavery from Oregon. None of the proposals rela* 
five to slavery in the new territory ceded by Mexico, i.e. 
(1) Wilmot proviso ; (2) extension of 36° 30' line to Pacific; 
(3) squatter sovereignty, proposed by Cass; (4) executive 

47 



OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

regulation, had secured a majority in both houses. The dis- 
covery of gold, and the rush of " forty-niners " settled this 
question so far as California was concerned. A state gov- 
ernment was organized excluding slavery without waiting 
for any act of Congress. The admission of Califoi-nia meant 
the upsetting of the balance of power between the free and 
slave states, and permanent superiority of the North in the 
Senate. The North wished California admitted as a free 
soil state, and insisted that slavery be abolished in the Dis- 
trict of Columbia. The Free Soil Party demanded that there 
should be no more slave states or territories. The South 
opposed California's admission as a free state and com- 
plained that the existing fugitive slave law was not en- 
forced. " Underground Railroad." 

The Compromise of 1850. — Clay, the "Pacificator," pro- 
posed compromises to meet the grave situation. This was 
Clay's third great compromise. Nearly all concessions fa- 
vored the South. Clay appealed for union. His defense 
of his plan one of his finest speeches. In March, 1850, came 
three great speeches : (a) Calhoun's for secession ; last great 
effort ; speech read for him ; (i) Webster's " Seventh of March 
Speech " approved the compromises to avoid secession, an- 
gered New England, and practically killed him politically ; 
(c) Seward's speech denounced all compromise with slavery 
and appealed to a higher law than civil authority. 

President Tmjlor's death (July 9, 1850) completely changed 
the policy of the administration, which under Fillmore 
favored the adoption and rigid enforcement of the Compro- 
mise provisions which were : (1) California to he admitted 
as a free state ; (2) New Mexico and Utah to be organized as 
territories without any restrictions in regard to slavery; (3) 
Texas to receive gift of money for land ceded to New Mexico > 

4^ 



ADMINISTRATION OF PIERCE 

Ci) slave trade (hut not slaver?/) to he aholished within District of 
Columbia; (5) A Fugitive Slave Law, stringent enough to 
satisfy the South, to be passed. The first three items were 
originally in one bill, nicknamed " The Omnibus Bill." 

The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 was so severe that it 
defeated its own end by the opposition which it aroused. 
Continued activity of " Underground Railroad." Resistance 
to the "men hunters." Shadrack's rescue in Boston. The 
passage of Personal Liberty Laws. " Uncle Tom's Cabin." 

Visit of Louis Kossuth, great Hungarian orator, in exile. 

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 1850. — Panama Canal. 

The Campaign of 1852. — The Democratic Convention 
declared against further slavery agitation and indorsed 
Compromise of 1850. Nominated Franklin Pierce, a second 
'* dark horse." The Whig Convention passed Fillmore and 
Webster, and nominated General W infield Scott. The Free 
Soil Party nominated John P. Hale, of New Hampshire. 
Pierce and King carried all but four states. It was com- 
monly said that the Whig party was killed by attempting to 
swallow Fugitive Slave Law ; won only two elections. The 
rise of the American, or "Know Nothing" Party, 1852; so 
nicknamed because its members professed to know nothing 
of its principles ; America for Americans its main idea. 

President Taylor was untrained as a statesman, but he showed, 
in his short administration, great common sense and firmness. 
He was by nature a soldier, blunt and " downright." Fillmore, 
although a good man, was not a strong man. He relied upon 
Webster. 

FRANKLIN PIERCE (N.H.) 1853-1857 

WILLIAM R. KING, V. P. 

Internal Affairs. — Country very prosperous. Exhibition 
of the arts and manufactures, Crystal Palace, New York 

49 



OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

City (1853)— the first American "World's Fair." The 
New York clearing house opened to facilitate banking. 

Foreiyn Affairs. Austria. — The right of naturalization — 
the right of foreign-born immigrants to give up their alle- 
giance to their native country and become citizens of the 
country vs^here they reside — had always been upheld by the 
United States. This was one of the causes of the War of 
1812. Martin Koszta, after heading a rebellion in Austria, 
became a naturalized American citizen. In 1853 Austria 
caught him in Asia Minor. An American war vessel com- 
pelled his immediate return. Austria greatly offended, 
but since then the validity of naturalization in the United 
States has never been questioned by any foreign power. 

Japan. — In 1854 Commodore M. C. Perry succeeded in 
entering Japanese ports, hitherto closed, and secured a 
favorable commercial treaty. The United States had secured 
"treaty ports " in China ten years before (Gushing). 

Spain. — The South was anxious to secure Cuba. Filli- 
bustering of Narciso Lopez, 1849-50-51. The Black War- 
rior. The South tried to secure Cuba by forcing war with 
Spain over the seizure of this steamer. This attempt merged 
into the " Ostend Manifesto" (Oct. 18, 1854). Soule, Bu- 
chanan, and Mason our ministers to Spain, England, and 
France met at Ostend, Belgium, and exchanged views rela- 
tive to the acquisition of Cuba. They issued a circular 
known as the " Ostend Manifesto" declaring (a) that Cuba 
was necessary to the United States ; (h) that we might well 
offer $120,000,000; (c) that if Spain would not accept our 
offer, conquest ought to be considered. The South con- 
curred, but the North characterized the letter as a " Mani- 
festo of Brigands." We accepted Spain's explanation of 
The Black Warrior seizure, and the cause for wiir was re- 
moved. 

50 



ADMINISTRATION OF PIERCE 

Kansas-Nebraska Act. — The South, unable to secure Cuba 
or other slave territory, and dissatisfied with the Fugitive 
Slave Law, was disappointed. In January, 1854, Senator 
Stephen A. Douglas introduced a bill for the Organization of 
Nebraska Territory. Ambitious to please the SoutherE 
Democrats, he argued that slavery would be legal there. To 
support this, he advanced the untenable theory that the 
Missouri Compromise of 1820, applying to this region, had 
been rendered inoperative by the Compromise of 1850o It. 
was also proposed to revive the doctrine of " squatter sov- 
ereignty" so that all the lands of the Louisiana Purchase 
north of 36° 30', organized as territories and later as states, 
be admitted either free or slave, as the voters of each state 
might determine. After discussion, the new territory was 
divided into (a) Kansas, southern portion opposite Missouri, 
slave state; and (6) Nebraska, northern portion opposite 
Iowa, free state. This famous Kansas-Nebraska Act passed 
after heated debate in Congress for five months. 

The Kansas-Nebraska Act had three great results : (1) by 
repealing the Missouri Compromise Act and establishing 
" Popular Sovereignty " in the new territories, it opened a 
a neiu battle ground to the forces of slavery and freedom ; (2) it 
killed the expiring Whig Party and split the Democrats into a 
northern and southern section; (3) it united all the ^^Anti- 
Nebraska " men into a new political party f which soon took the 
name of the Republican Party. 

The Struggle for Kansas. — " SonS of the South " against 

" Free State Men," or the " Border Ruffians " against the 
" Black Republicans.'* Violent Kansas elections. Rival 
constitutions. Guerrilla warfare. John Brown. The assault 
upon Senator Sumner by Brooks, of South Carolina. " The 
crime against Kansas " speech by Sumner was the most ter- 
rible phillipic ever uttered in the Senate. 

51 



OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 
JAMES BUCHANAN (Pa.), 1857-1861 

JOHN C. BRECKINRIDGE, V. P. 

The Dred Scott Decision, March 6, 1857. — Scott had been 
taken by his master from Missouri, a slave state, to Illinois 
a free state, and to the free territory of Minnesota. When 
taken back to Missouri, he sued for freedom. 

The case involved (1) whether Scott, being of negro an- 
cestry, was a citizen, and so entitled to sue ; (2) whether his 
residence in a free state (Illinois) had made him free. On 
final appeal, the Supreme Court of the United States denied 
citizenship to Scott, and hence any standing in the court. 
This ended the case, but the court discussed the second 
point. It said that in Illinois, Scott's status as a slave was 
controlled by a Missouri domicile, and in Minnesota terri- 
tory, because it was unconstitutional to exclude slavery north 
of any parallel, i.e. the Missouri Compromise of 18W (36° 30') 
was null and void. This decision strengthened the South in 
its belief that slaves were " property," and subject only to 
state legislation. The effect in the North was to split the 
Democratic Party, and to strengthen the Republicans, w^ho 
believed that negro slaves were considered by the constitu- 
tion as " persons held to labor," and not as property. 

The Panic of 1857. — Exports had tripled in the last ten 
years. American shipping and "clipper ships" reached 
their highest point. Railroad mileage had increased with 
equal rapidity. Expansion everywhere. A great failure in 
Cincinnati for $7,000,000 precipitated financial panic. The 
Protectionists said that the panic was caused by the reduced 
revenue resulting from the lowered tariffs of 1846 and 1857. 
Probably brought on by overspeculation induced by the 
great gold production in California. No such suffering as 

62 



ADMINISTRATION OF BUCHANAN 

in 1837, for abundant crops soon enabled the banks to 
resume specie payments. 

The Mormon Rebellion in Utah. — In 1846 the Mormons 
were forced to leave Nauvoo, Illinois. They settled at Salt 
Lake. In 1850, President Fillmore appointed Brigham 
Young territorial governor. In 1857, when President 
Buchanan tried to remove him, Young resisted the troops 
sent against him. Finally Buchanan pardoned the Mor- 
mons on condition that they obey the federal laws. 

The Lecompton Struggle in Kansas. — Robert J. Walker 
was appointed governor of Kansas, with instructions not to 
force the slavery question, but to make Kansas democratic. 
The pro-slavery convention held at Lecompton submitted a 
constitution to the people for ratification. By a trick, the 
ballots were so marked that, whatever the result of the elec- 
tion, the vote could be interpreted as pro- slavery. The ad- 
ministration connived at the trick, so Walker, who wanted 
fair play for the Free Soilers, resigned. Buchanan urged 
the admission of Kansas as a slave state under the obnoxious 
Lecompton constitution. A bribe of a large grant of public 
land was offered Kansas to accept this constitution, but the 
Free Soilers outvoted pro- slavery men. In 1861, Kansas 
finally admitted as a free state. 

The Lincoln-Douglas Debates were arranged to be held in 
seven towns. The questions discussed were popular sover- 
eignty, the Dred Scott Decision, and extension of slavery. 

At Freeport, Lincoln asked whether the people of any 
territory (i.e. Kansas), could prohibit slavery in any lawful 
way. Douglas's answer, " The Freeport Doctrine" was that 
they could, by "unfriendly legislation." That is, Douglas 
stood by his "squatter sovereignty,'* and so secured the 
senatorship, but he ignored the Dred Scott Decision, and 
so lost the Southern support necessary for the Presidential 

63 



OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

Campaign of 1860. Lincoln pointed out with great power 
that reconciliation between " squatter sovereignty " and the 
Dred Scott Decision was absolutely impossible. These 
speeches won for Lincoln a national reputation. 

John Broivn's Raid. — On Oct. 16, 1859, Brown and 
eighteen followers seized the U. S. Armory at Harper's 
Ferry. The negroes whom he hoped to incite to insurrec- 
tion failed to rise, and after ten followers had been killed, 
Brown and four others were captured. Four escaped. After 
a fair trial, Brown was hanged, Dec. 2, 1859. The raid is 
only to be considered in the light of a single event, not to bo 
laid at the door of the North ; it was the deed of a man tem- 
porarily insane over the cause of slavery. The influence of 
Brown's Raid was due only to the mistaken view of the 
South in thinking it part of a great plot, and to the mis- 
guided Northern view which made Brown a hero. 

The Campaign of 1860. — After a stormy convention at 
Charleston, S.C., the Democrats were split into a Southern 
and Northern wing. The Southern wing declared that it 
was the duty of Congress to protect slavery in the territo- 
ries, and nominated John C. Breckinridge. The Northern 
wing declared that each territory ought to control slavery 
for itself, — squatter sovereignty, — and nominated Stephen 
A. Douglas. The Constitutional Union Party (remnants of 
old Whig and. Know Nothing parties) declared " for the 
Constitution, the Union, and the enforcement of the laws." 
They nominated John Bell. 

The Republican convention met at Chicago and advocated 
(1) no interference with slavery where it existed, (2) no 
extension of it into new territories, and (3) no reopening 
of the slave trade. Abraham Lincoln was nominated on 
the third ballot. In the election Lincoln gained steadily. 
He directed his campaign wisely and soberly. He made no 

64 



ADMINISTRATION OF BUCHANAN 

speeches and wrote no letters for publication, but received 
all who cared to see him at Springfield, 111. Out of the 
popular vote Lincoln had about 1,900,000 against 1.400,000 
for Douglas; 850,000 for Breckinridge; and 600,000 for Bell. 

The Seeessi&n Movement bettveen the ^Election and Inaugu ration 

of Lincoln. — On the day after Lincoln's election, the South 
Carolina legislature took steps toward calling a secession 
convention. Congress met early in December, but the Re- 
publicans were as yet undecided in their plan. Buchanan 
failed to meet the situation. Active steps under energetic 
men were taken in the South. South Carolina, Dec. 20, 
1860, passed her secession ordinance claiming that the 
right to secede was an essential part of state sovereignty, 
and not a violation of the Constitution. B}^ Feb. 1, 1861, 
Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas 
had joined South Carolina in secession. Delegates met at 
Montgomery, Ala., Feb. 4, 1861, and established "The Con- 
federate States of America," with Jefferson Davis, Presi- 
dent, and Alexander H. Stephens, Vice President. The 
Federal Constitution, altered so as to include slavery, was 
adopted. 

Causes of the Civil War. — The underlying causes were 
(1) the doctrine of " State sovereignty," and (2) slavery. 

[For the long development of difficulties on these two subjects, 
see ordiuance of 1787, p. 26 ; Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 
p. 29: Hartford Convention, p. 34; Missouri Compromise, p. 35; 
Nullification, p. 38; "Wilmot Proviso, p. 46: Compromise of 185(J, 
p. 48 ; Kansas-Nebraska Act, p. 51 ; Dred Scott Decision, p. 52 ; 
Lincoln-Douglas Debate, p. 53; John Brown's Raid, p. 54.] 

In more detail the immediate reasons for secession, as given 
by Southern leaders, were (1) that the North hated slavery, 
wanted to check it. continued to discuss it, slandered the 
slaveholders, and approved of John Brown's Raid ; (2) that 

65 



OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

the North, by refusing to admit (a) the doctrine of states 
rights and secession, (b) the Dred Scott Decision, and (c) by 
passing the objectionable liberty laws, had misinterpreted the 
Constitution; (3) that the North was determined not to ad- 
'mit any more slave states, and was trying to surround the 
South with free states, thus checking the further growth of 
slavery; (4) that the election of Lincoln upon the basis of 
sectional hostility meant an attack upon slavery in the 
states. 

The purpose of the Republican Party was to stop the 
spread of slavery into the territories, but not to abolish 
slavery in states where it already existed. Desperate efforts 
had been made to compromise, as in the crises of 1820, 1833, 
and 1850. The most important attempt now, outside of 
Congress, was the Peace Convention — delegates from 
twenty-one states met in Washington. The seceded states 
sent no delegates, and its plan was rejected by Congress. 
The most important attempt in Congress was called the 
Crittenden Compromise, which demanded squatter sover- 
eignty for the territories, slavery in the District of Columbia, 
prevention of interstate slave trade and withdrawal of 
personal liberty laws. A thirteenth amendment, forever 
prohibiting interference with slavery in the states, was also 
proposed; Lincoln approved it, and two states accepted it, 
but it was too late to compromise, 

BuchaDan was far past the prime of life when he became Presi- 
dent. He had performed the duties of his many public positions 
acceptably, but had never shown remarkable brilliancy. He was 
decorous in manner, cautious in all political conduct, and devoted 
to party interests. He yielded too readily to his extreme pro- 
slavery friends. 

His desire was to postpone until the next administration any- 
decided action in the slavery crisis. His temporizing policy and 
lack of determination have been severely criticised. 

56 



ADMINISTRATION OF LINCOLN 
ABRAHAM LINCOLN (IlL), 1 861-1865 

HANNIBAL HAMLIN, V. P., and 

ANDREW JOHNSON (Tenn.), V. P., and Pres., 1865-1869 

Lincoln's cabinet was carefully chosen from former Whigs 
and Democrats. His chief rivals were given leading posi- 
tions : Secretary of State, W. H. Seward, of New York; 
Secretary of Treasury, Salmon P. Chase, of Ohio ; Secretary 
of War, Simon Cameron, of Pennsylvania; Secretary of 
Navy, Gideon P. Welles, of Connecticut. 

His inaugural speech was a masterpiece. He clearly set 
forth (1) that his supreme aim would be to preserve the 
Union, which he regarded as perpetual; (2) that he had no 
purpose to interfere with slavery in states where it existed; 
(3) that he would execute the laws in all states and defend 
the property of the Union ; (4) that there could be no con- 
flict unless the South was the aggressor. 

There was a terrible scramble for minor offices. It was 
nearest approach to a "clean sweep** of office holders that 
the country has ever seen. 

The Firing on Fort Sumter. — The military posts in the 
South had been seized one by one. At Charleston, Fort 
Sumter was still defended. Lincoln sent notice that he 
proposed to provision Fort Sumter. Governor Pickens, of 
South Carolina, ordered General Beauregard to open fire. 
The bombardment lasted thirty-four hours, and then Major 
Anderson surrendered. A strategic blunder on the part 
of the South. The North was united to defend the flag. 
The President called for 75,000 troops. The Sixth Massa- 
chusetts mobbed at Baltimore — first bloodshed, April 19, 
1861. Secession of the " Border States," Virginia, Arkansas, 
North Carolina, and Tennessee, making total of 11 seceding 
states. Capital of Confederacy moved to Richmond, Va» 

51 



OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

Resources of the North. — The North excelled in industry 
and wealth. It had the foundries, factories, and ship yards 
■ — the mechanical skill, two thirds of the railways, and ports 
open to commerce. Federal Finances.. — The funds for the 
war came from (1) protective tariif duties of 1861, 1862, and 
1864; (2) internal revenue taxes; (3) the sale of bonds; 
(4) the issue of "Greenbacks" [see p. 65, note]. The estab- 
lishment of !N"ational Banks with the right to issue notes 
secured by bonds, and the work of Jay Cooke, greatly 
stimulated the sale of bonds. 

The purpose of the North was to maintnin the supremacy of 
the federal government under the Constitution and to preserve 
the Union. 

The Civil War in the West 

1861. Wilson Creek, Mo., Aug. 10 (C.*), Price — Lyon. 

1862. Capture of Fort Henry, Tenn., Feb. 6 (U.*), Com. 

Foote. 
Capture of Fort Donelson, Tenn., Feb. 16 (U.), Grant. 
Battle of Shiloh or Pittsburg Landing, Tenn., Apr. 6, 7, 

(U.), Grant — A. S. Johnston (killed), Beauregard. 
Capture of Island No. 10, Tenn., April 7 (U.), Com. 

Foote and Gen. Pope. 
Capture of New Orleans, La., April 25 (U.), Farragut 

and Butler. 
Capture of Corinth, Miss., May 30 (U.), Halleck — 

Beauregard. 
Capture of Memphis, Tenn., June (U.), Com. Foote. 
Battle of Perry sville, Ky., Oct. 8 (U.), Buell-Bragg. 
Battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn., Dec. 31-Jan. 2 (U.), 

Rosecrans — Bragg. Bloody battle. 

*U.= Union victory. C. = Confederate victory. Ind.= Indecisive. 

58 



THE CIVIL WAR, 1861, 1862 

Resources nf the South. — The defensive attiturle of the 
South gave great military advantage. The soldiers knew 
every local condition, and were nerved by the defense of 
their homes. The men were also much more familiar with 
firearms. The South sold bonds and issued notes. Its 
paper depreciated very fast after the blockade became 
effective and prevented intercourse with Europe. 

The purpose of the South teas to maintain states rights and to 
establish the independence of the Confederate States. 

The Civil War in the East 

1861. 1st Battle of Bull Run, Va., July 21 (C), Beaure- 

gard — McDowell. 
Organization of the Army of the Potomac, McClellan. 
Trent Affair, Mason and Slidell. 

1862. Battle of Monitor and Merrimac, IMarch 9 (U.), Wor- 

den — Buchanan ; revolutionized naval warfare. 

Peninsidar Campaign 

Siege of Yorktov>'n,ya., McClellan — J. E. Johnston. 
Battle of Fair Oaks, Va., May 31 (Ind.), JNIcClellan — 

J. E. Johnston. 
Stonewall Jackson's Raid in Shenandoah (C), 
Battle of Seven Days, Va., June 25-July 1 (Ind.), 

McClellan — Lee. 
2d Battle of Bull Run, Aug. 30 (C), Jackson — Pope. 

Zee's First Invasion 
Capture of Harper's Ferry, W. Va., Sept. 15 (C). 

Jackson took 12,000 prisoners here. 
Battle of Antietam, Md., Sept. 17 (U.), McClellan — 

Lee. Bloodiest single day's battle. 
Battle of Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13 (C), Lee — 

Burnside. 

59 



OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

The Civil War in the West and South 

1863. Capture of Vicksburg, Miss., July 4 (U.), Grant — 

Pemberton. Largest capture of men and material. 
Capture of Port Hudson, La., July 9 (U.), Banks, 

Confederacy cut in two. Mississippi opened. 
Battle of Chickamauga, Ga., Sept. 19 and 20 (C), 

Bragg — Rosecrans. Thomas covered retreat and 

saved Union army. 
Siege of Chattanooga, Tenn. (U.), Grant — Bragg. 
Battle of Lookout Mt., Nov. 21 and 25 (U.), Hooker— 

Bragg. 
Battle of Missionary Ridge, Nov. 24 and 25 (U.), 

Thomas, Sherman — Bragg. 

1864. Battles of Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mt. (U.) ; Joseph 

E. Johnston's masterly retreat before Sherman. 
Battle before Atlanta, Ga., July 20-28 (U.), Sher- 

man — Hood. 
Battle of Mobile Bay, Ala., Aug. 5 (U.), Farragut — 

Buchanan. 
Battle of Nashville, Tenn., Dec. 15 and 16 (U.), 

Thomas — Hood. Most decisive battle. Hood lost 

his army. 
Sherman's March, to the Sea. Cut loose from his 

"base." "Sherman's Bummers." Lived on country. 
Capture of Savannah, Ga., Dec. 21 (U.), Sherman. 

1865. Sherman next turned northward. 

Capture of Columbia, S.C, Feb. 17 (V), Sherman. 
Battle of Goldsboro, N.C., March 19, (U.) Sherman — 

J. E. Johnston. 
Selma, Ala., April 2 (U.), Wilson — Forrest. 
Salisbury, N.C., April 9 (U.), Wilson — Forrest. 
Destruction of supplies, Stoneman. 

60 



THE CIVIL WAR, 1863-1866 

The Civil War in the East 

1863. The Emancipation Proclamation, Jan. 1 ; war measure, 

freeing slaves of Southern combatants, did not 
abolish slavery. 
Battle of Chancellorsville, Ya., May 2 and 3 (C), Lee — 
Hooker. Death of Stonewall Jackson. 

Lee^s Second Invasion 
Burning of towns in Cumberland Valley, Pa. 
Battle of Gettysburg, Pa., July 1-3 (U.), Meade — Lee. 
Draft riots in New York. 

GranVs Campaign he/ore Richmond 

1864. Battle of the Wilderness, Va., May 5-7 (Ind.) Grant — 

Lee. Terrific loss of life. 
Battle of Spottsylvauia,Va., May 8-18 (Ind.), Grant — 

Lee. 
Siege of Petersburg, Va., begun in June. 
Early's Raid on Washington, July. 
Battle of Winchester, Va., Sept. 19 (U.), Sheridan— 

Early. 
Battle of Cedar Creek, Va., Oct. 19 (U.), Sheridan — 

Early. " Sheridan's Ride." 

1865. Sheridan's Raid on Lynchburg, Va. 

Battle of Five Forks, Va., April 1 (U.), Sheridan — 

Lee. 
Capture of Petersburg, V a., April 2 (U.), Grant — Lee. 
Capture of Richmond, Va., April 3 (U.), Grant — Lee. 
Surrender of Lee at Appomattox Court House, Va., 

April 9. 
Assassination of Lincoln, April 14. 
Surrender of J. E. Johnston at Raleigh, N.C., April 26. 
Jefferson Davis captured in Georgia, May 11. 

61 



OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

The Campaign of ISO//. — The radical Republicans nomi- 
nated John C. Fremont, but upon his Avitlidrawal, supported 
Lincoln. The Democrats nominated General McClellan. 
Many Union Republicans desired a change of policy, but 
news of Farragut's capture of Mobile and Sherman's capture 
of Atlanta roused the North to the support of the admin- 
istration. Lincoln Y/as unanimously renominated, with 
Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, for Vice President. They 
received 212 votes as against 21 for McClellan. 

The Thirteenth Amendment, forever prohibiting slavery in 
the United States, was passed in both houses, January 31, 
1865. Eleven former slave states joined sixteen free states 
to make the twenty-seven states necessary for three fourths 
of whole number of states, by which adopted, Dec. IS, 1865. 

The assassination of Lincoln by John Wilkes Booth, Ford's 
Theater, Washington, D.C., April 14, 1865, caused the peo- 
ple, both North and South, unprecedented grief. 

Lincoln was a self-educated man of very humble origin. Few 
men spoke with such simple clearness or showed such keen insight 
into the problems of the time. He was indispensable to the Civil 
War. The four awful years of trial developed both the wisdom 
and profundity of his mind, and the sweetness and lovableness 
of his character. 

Two characteristics made him the greatest man of his time ; his 
practical common sense instantly divined the essential point of every 
matter under consideration, and his wonderful sympathy brought 
him close to the needs and hopes of the people. 

ANDREW JOHNSON (Tenn.), 1865-1869 

Vice President Johnson was sworn in as President within 
a few hours of Lincoln's death. 

Maximilian in Mexico. — Mexico owed large debts to Eng- 
land, Spain, and France. Her seaports were seized, 1860, 
to guarantee payment. England and Spain withdrew, and 

m 



ADMINISTRATION OF JOHNSON 

Napoleon TIT. of France overthrew the Republic of Mexico, 
and made Maximilian I^^niperor (1863). This was in de- 
fiance of the Monroe Doctrine. Our protest was neglected 
until 1865, when French support was withdrawn. The 
republic was then reestablished and Maximilian executed 
(1867). 

Reconstruction. — The great problem before the federal 
government was (1) how to reconstruct the state govern- 
ments of the seceding states, and (2) how to readmit them 
to a share in the national government. 

Lincoln held that states could not legally secede, and that 
"Fome voters" (i.e. in seceding states) were in insurrection. 
His Amnesty Proclamation (1863) promised (a) pardon to 
those who swore allegiance to Constitution and to Emanci- 
pation Proclamation, and {b') to recognize reorganized states 
again as soon as one tenth of the voters in seceded states had 
taken the above oath of allegiance and had organized a state 
government. Lincoln approved the Thirteenth Amendment, 
passed by Congress Jan. 31, 1865, but did not favor negro 
suffrage, and made no provision for it in his plan. 

Arkansas, Tennessee, and Louisiana reorganized early, 
but not recognized by Congress, with whom admission 
rested. 

After the war was over, the problem became pressing, and 
a conflict arose between Lincoln's successor and Congress, 
which resulted in a deplorable national blunder. 

Johnson's Plan. — To reestablish the South under the Con- 
stitution, Johnson raised the blockade, and established 
means for collection of taxes, delivery of mail, and courts of 
law. He also appointed a provisional governor in each state, 
who called conventions of delegates chosen by eligible white 
voters. These conventions (a) repealed the ordinances of 
secessionv (fc) repudiated debts of the Confederacy and 



OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

(c) ratified the Thirteenth Amendment. They also passed 
laws compelling negroes to work, or to be imprisoned as 
vagrants. 

This settlement of the problem now appears a good one. 
but Johnson's lack of tact and the fear of a return to practi- 
cal slavery caused Congress to distrust it, and so the con- 
gressmen chosen to represent states reorganized as above 
were refused seats by Congress. 

Congress's Plan. — Congress ignored the President's action 
and proceeded to a " reconstruction " of its own. 

It first passed the Fourteenth Amendment (June, 1866 ; 
adopted 1868) which (1) gave the negro citizenship (confirm- 
ing the Civil Rights Bill); (2) reduced representation of 
states which prevented negroes from voting ; (3) made Con- 
federate office holders ineligible to vote or to hold national 
office until pardoned by Congress; (4) repudiated the Con- 
federate debt ; and (5) declared that the Federal war debt 
should be paid in full. 

Congress next passed its famous Military Reconstruction 
Act (March, 1867), which provided that (1) the seceding 
states be divided into five military districts ; (2) under 
supervision of this military authority the states should hold 
conventions to frame state constitutions; (3) negroes should 
have right to vote for delegates, and to be delegates to these 
conventions; (4) the state should be readmitted to repre- 
sentation in Congress, provided that the Con8titution thus 
made was approved by the people of the state, and provided 
that the state legislature ratified the Fourteenth Amendment. 
Six states readmitted under this plan in 1868, the rest not 
until 1870. 

Impeachment of President Johnson. — The quarrel between 
Johnson and Congress, begun over reconstruction, grew con- 
stantly more acute. The Civil Rights Bill, Freedman'*" 

64 



ADMINISTRATION OF JOHNSON 

Bureau Bill (ordering sale of public lands to negroes), the 
Tenure of Office Act, 1867 (requiring approval of Senate in 
dismissing higher government officers), and the Military Re- 
construction Act were all passed over the President's veto. 

Finally matters came to a head in Johnson's disregard of 
the Tenure of Office Act by removing Stanton, Secretary ot 
War (Aug. 5, 1867). Stanton refused to give up his office. 
Impeachment trial before Senate (March 28-May 26, 1868) 
resulted in Johnson's acquittal \>\ margin of one vote (35 to 
19, two thirds majority being necessary to secure conviction). 

Notable Events. — In 1866, Cyrus W. Field succeeded in lay- 
ing the Atlantic Cable. In 1867 the United States purchasea 
Alaska from Russia for ^7,200,000 in gold. In 1868 the Bur- 
lingame Treaty with China was ratified, making it a penal 
offense to take Chinamen to the United States without their 
full consent. 

The Campaign of 1868. — The issues were (1) whether the 
Presidential or the Congressional plan of reconstruction 
should be adopted ; (2) whether the bonded debt should be 
paid in "Greenbacks"* or in coin. The Democrats con- 
demned the Tenure of Office and Reconstruction acts, and 
demanded immediate restoration of all the states, complete 
amnesty, local regnilation of elective franchise and taxation 
of government bonds. They wished debts to be paid in 
greenbacks except where coin was stipulated in the bond. 
They nominated Ploratio Seymour, of New York, and 
General Blair, of Missouri. The Republicans heartily in- 
dorsed the reconstruction policy of Congress, and held that 
bonds should be paid in coin, unless paper had been agreed 
upon in the sale of the bond. They nominated General U. S. 

* A •' Greenback " was a government note, so called from green 
ink used in engraving one side, which was legal tender for every- 
thing but uitfirest on bonds and customs duties- 

65 



OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

Grant, and Schuyler Colfax, of Indiana. Grant received 
214 electoral votes against 80 for Seymour. 

Johnson was a "poor white" of very limited education, but of 
great ambition and force of character. He was strikingly unsuited 
by his bitter temper and hasty speecli to meet a crisis requiring tact 
and patience. He was a man of much native ability, but of too 
unbending fiber to win men over to his views. 

ULYSSES S. GRANT (111.), 1869-1877 

SCHUYLER COLFAX AND HENRY WILSON, V. P*8. 

Grant's first term was marked by general prosperity. 
The first railroad to the Pacific (now the Union Pacific) 
was completed, May 10, 1869. This road was of great 
importance (1) commercially, bringing China and New 
York only a month apart; (2) politically, bringing the 
coast states into close touch with Washington, and making 
an Eastern army available in case of need ; (3) industrially, 
opening up the great central region to settlement. Recon- 
struction was completed by the Congress of 1869-1870, by 
removal of the political disabilities from the white leaders 
and by the admission of Georgia, Mississippi, Texas, and 
Virginia. 

The Fifteenth Amendment was passed, 1869, and adopted 
1870, giv^ing the negro a vote. 

The three famous amendments had (Thirteenth) made him 
free, (Fourteenth) made him a citizen, and (Fifteenth) 
made him a voter. 

The ^^ carpet baggers " were Northern men who went South 
to get political office and plunder by means of the new 
negro vote. The ^^ scalawags" were Southern white men 
who voted with the negroes for the same purpose. 

The Southern states were pillaged ruthlessly until the 

m 



ADMINISTRATION OF GRANT 

•' Ku Klux Klan " intimidated the negro vote. Two Force 
acts were passed against the Ku Klux Klan, which had 
deteriorated into a mere gang of marauders. These acts 
authorized : (1) federal courts to punish severely all inter- 
ference with voting or office holding ; (2) the President to 
l^rotect the polls by military force. The Act Removing 
Political Disabilities (1872) gradually enabled the whites to 
secure control of tne reconstructed states. 

The Treaty of Washington concluded with Great Britain, 
May 8, 1871, f)i'ovided for settlement by arbitration of 
(1) the boundary line between Washington Territory and 
British America; (2) the "Alabama" claims; (3) the 
Canadian fisheries disputes. The first point the German 
Emperor decided (1872) in favor of the United States claim ; 
the second was settled (1872) by five arbitrators at Geneva, 
Switzerland, by an award to the United States of ^15,500,000; 
the third was settled by a commission at Halifax (1877). 
The United States paid ^5,500,000 and remitted duties of 
$1,200,000 mere. (See page 72.) 

The Campaign of 1872. — The Republican convention met 
at Philadelphia, and nominated Grant and Henry Wilson. 

The Liberal Republicans, who were displeased with the 
President's attempt to annex San Domingo, the prevalence 
of political scandals, and the working of the Force Bill in 
the South, condemned the administration, and nominated 
Horace Greeley and Gratz Brown. 

The Democrats at one convention pledged support to 
Greeley and Brown. Another strictly Democratic conven- 
tion nominated Charles O'Connor and J. J. Adams. 

The National Labor Reform Party and the Prohibition 
Party each now made its first appearance in national 
politics. Grant and Wilson received 286 electoral votes 
against 63 for the other candidates, 

67 



OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

The Coinage Act provided for the coinage of gold and 
fractional silver, but dropped the standard silver dollar. The 
omission of the silver dollar from the list of coins is called 
'* The Crime of 1873 " by the free-silver advocates. 

The " Salary Grab " Act, passed by the same Congress, 
raised the President's salary from ^25,000 to $50,000, and 
increased also the salary of federal judges and members of 
Congress. 

The Panic of 1873. — The war between France and Ger- 
many, 1870-1871, and the poor harvests of Europe, made a 
great market for American products. Speculation and 
railroad expansion followed. The rebuilding of Chicago, 
burned in 1871, and of Boston, burned 1872, also absorber! 
money. A quarrel betw"een the Western farmers, " Grangers,'' 
and the railroads stopped the sale of bonds, and bankers 
were crippled. The failure of Jay Cooke & Co., Philadel- 
phia, Sept. 19, 1873, threw Wall Street into such a panic 
that the day is known as "Black Friday." Thousands of 
failures resulted, and hard times lasted until 1879. To 
make money easier, Congress tried to inflate the currency 
by issuing more greenbacks. This was vetoed. Congress 
then passed an Act for the Resumption of Specie Payments. 
This act made provision, by accumulating a specie reserve, for 
the redemption of greenbacks, on demand, after Jan. 1, 1879. 

Political scandals marked Grant's second term : Boss 
Tweed's Ring in New York City ; the Credit Mobilier's stock 
distribution to congressmen and general officials; the Erie 
Railroad Ring; the Whisky Ring; and frauds in the Custom 
House and Ind'an Bureau. 

The Virginivs Affair.- — An American vessel was seized 
by a Spanish man-of-war. Several of the passengers, Cubans, 
were executed. Spain's immediate reparation prevented a 
serious outcome. 

68 



ADMINISTRATION OF HAYES 

The Centennial Exposition, at Fairmount Park. Phila- 
delphia, 1876. 

The Campaign of 1S76. — The Republican Convention 
nominated Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio, and William 
A. Wheeler, of New York. The Democrats nominated 
Samuel J. Tilden, of New Y'ork, and Thomas A. Hendricks, 
of Indiana. The "Greenback" Party, dominated by the 
" Grangers," nominated Peter Cooper, of New Y'ork. The 
election was very close. The returns in Florida, Louisiana, 
Oregon, and South Carolina were disputed. Two sets of 
returns were presented to Congress, one certifying that Re- 
publican, and the other, that Democratic electors had been 
chosen. An Electoral Commission of eight Republicans 
and seven Democrats finally decided, March 2, in favor 
of Republican returns, and Hayes was declared elected by 
185 electoral votes to IS-i. The popular vote was, Hayes, 
4,033,950; Tilden, 4,284,885. Recent opinion favors the 
merits of Tilden's claim. 

Grant was a man of pure motives and unswerving honesty. 
Straightforward himself, he seemed to lack insight into the weak- 
ness and corruption of the men about him. A graduate of West 
Point, he had little training in civil duties, and no training in poli- 
tics. His military career made a profound impression abroad. The 
loss of his money, later, through misplaced confidence, and the for- 
titude shown in preparing his ^Memoirs, while suffering excruciating 
pain, deeply moved public sympathy. 

RUTHERFORD B. HAYES (0.), 1877-188X 

WILLIAM A. WHEELER, V. P. 

The withdrawal of troops from the South was one of 
Hayes's first acts. It was seen that the people of the recon- 
structed states must be trusted to manage their own affairs. 

69 



OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

The great railroad strike, in the summer of 1877, was the 
first great labor revolt in our history. Trains were not al- 
lowed to run, and at Pittsburg, Chicago, St. Louis, and Balti- 
more there were serious riots. 

The Bland-A llison Bill was passed over the President's veto 
in 1878. It provided that the Secretary of Treasury was to 
buy not less than ^2,000,000, or more than ^,000,000, worth 
of silver bullion each month, and coin it into dollars at the 
ratio of 16 to 1. As large sums in silver would be objection- 
able, because of the weight, it was provided that the coin 
might be deposited in the Treasury, and " silver certificates " 
issued against them. The resulting accumulation of silver 
led to Panic of '93. (See Sherman Act, p. 74.) 

The Campaign of ISSO. — The Republican platform called 
for national aid to education in the states, tariff protection 
to labor, suppression of polygamy in Utah, radical civil ser- 
vice reform, and a halt in land grants to corporations. As 
a compromise between those supporting Grant for a third 
term and those supporting James G. Blaine, the convention 
nominated James A. Garfield, of Ohio, for President, and 
Chester A. Arthur, of New York, for Vice President. The 
Democrats declared for honest money, — gold, silver, and 
paper, — convertible on demand into coin ; a tariff for 
revenue only, and public land grants for actual settlers. 
General Hancock, of Pennsylvania, and William H. English, 
of Indiana, were candidates. The Greenback-Labor Party 
and the Prohibition Party also made nominations. All par- 
ties agreed in demanding anti-Chinese legislation. For the 
first time since 1844 there was no "Southern Question." 
Garfield and Arthur received 214 electoral votes against 155 
for Hancock and English. For the first time in our history, 
every electoral vote was counted as cast and every elector 
chosen by popular vote. 

70 



ADMINISTRATION OF GARFIELD 

JAMES A. GARFIELD (0.), March 4-July 2, 1881 
CHESTER A. ARTHUR (N.Y.), V. P., and Pres. 1881-1885 

Factions in the Republican Party. — The "Stalwarts," who 
had been for a vigorous policy towards the South, now 
advocated the spoils system in appointments to office. The 
" Half Breeds," who had favored Hayes's withdrawal of troops 
from the South, were in favor of civil service appointments. 
The strife for office was very intense. Senators Conkling 
and Piatt, of New York, resigned from the Senate when their 
candidate was not appointed collector of the port of New 
York. 

Assassination of President Garfield. — A disappointed office 
seeker stole up behind the President in the Pennsylvania 
railroad station in Washington, July 2, 1881, and shot 
him. After great suffering, Garfield died, Sej^t. 19, in 
Elberon, N. J. 

Vice President Arthur was at once sworn in as President. 
The new President made excellent appointments, showing 
unexpected administrative ability. 

Three important laws were passed : (1) the Edmunds 
Law, 1882, to suppress polygamy; (2) an act to stop the 
immigration of Chitiese laborers for ten years; (3) the Pen- 
dleton Civil Service Act (1883), giving an equal opportunity 
to all citizens, duly qualified, to secure appointment to cer- 
tain public offices. 

Notable Events. — Serious floods of Lower Mississippi in 
spite of the levee system; the Atlanta Exposition (1881); 
and the New Orleans Exposition, showing the resources of 
the New South; the Yorktown celebration; the completion 
of the Brooklyn Bridge ; the Arctic Exploration of Lieu- 
tenant Greely (1881-1884). 

The Tariff of 1883. — In order to reduce the revenueSj 

71 



OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

Congress passed a new tariff act, on the recommendation of 
a commission of business men. The failures of this act 
to reduce the surplus revenues again made prominent the 
question of free trade or protection. 

The Campaign of I884. — The Democrats nominated Gro- 
ver Cleveland, of New York, for President, and Thomas A. 
Hendricks, of Indiana, for Vice President. They pledged 
themselves to revise the tariff in a spirit of fairness to all. 
The Republicans nominated James G. Blaine, of Maine, and 
John A. Logan, of Illinois. The platform declared for a 
protective tariff. The Greenback Party nominated Gen- 
eral Benjamin F. Butler, and the Prohibitionists, John P. 
St. John. The Independent Republicans (known as " Mug- 
wumps"*) supported Cleveland, to extend civil service re- 
form. The election turned upon New York State, where 
the result was very close. The electoral vote was 219 for 
Cleveland against 182 for Blaine. 

GROVER CLEVELAND (N.Y.), 1885-1889 
THOMAS A. HENDRICKS, V. P., March 4-Nov. 25, 1885 

Cleveland secured an able Cabinet, in which the South 
was represented. He extended civil service reform by in- 
creasing the number of offices to be filled by competitive 
examination, but also made some removals from office, 
apparently on partisan grounds. A Republican majority 
in the Senate confined legislation chiefly to non-partisan 
measures. 

In 1885 the articles of the Treaty of Washington which 
related to the fisheries (see p. 67) were abrogated, and the 

* This term is used, iu general, for a citizen who does not keep 
to party ties, but votes independently, with different parties. 



ADMINISTRATION OF CLEVELAND 

right of American vessels to take fish in Canadian waters 
again became a subject of controversy. 

Labor Troubles in Chicago. — In 1886, great strikes in 
Chicago. Riot in the Haymarket. Dynamite — attributed 
to anarchists. Four hanged. 

Important Laws. — The death of Vice President Hendricks 
!ed to the passage of the Presidential Succession Act (1886). 
It provided that, in case of death or disability of both Presi- 
dent and Vice President, the executive office should pass to 
the Secretary of State, and then to the other members of 
the Cabinet in the order in which the departments were 
created. The Electoral Count Act (1887) empowered each 
state to decide its own vote. In case of deadlock, the con- 
troversy was then to come before Congress. The Interstate 
Commerce Act (1887) provided for a commission of five 
members (afterwards changed to eleven members) to secure 
equitable conditions in railway service. Tlu-ough its decisions, 
many abuses were rectified. The Edmunds-Tucker Act (1887) 
dissolved the corporation of the Mormon church, put it 
under trustees, and confiscated its property in excess of 
$50,000 (later restored). The Chinese Immigration Act 
(1888) stopped further immigration from China. 

The Campaign of 1S88. — The tariff was the main issue of 
this campaign. The Republicans at Chicago declared for a 
protective tariff, and nominated Benjamin Harrison, of 
Indiana, for President, and Levi P. Morton, of New York, 
for Vice President. The Democrats adopted tariff reduc- 
tion as the principal plank in their platform, and renomi- 
nated Cleveland for President, and Allen G. Thurman, of 
Ohio, for Vice President. The electoral vote stood 233 for 
Harrison and 168 for Cleveland, although Cleveland received 
the larger popular vote. As in 1884, New York's 35 electoral 
votes decided the election. The corrupt use of money in 

73 



OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

this election led to the introduction of the Australian, oi 
secret ballot, to prevent intimidation or bribery at the polls. 

Much of Cleveland's rapid elevation to prominence was due to 
his fearlessness and admitted integrity. During his administration 
he vetoed over three hundred bills, which seemed to him harmful 
to the public interests. This was more than double the number of 
vetoes used by all the preceding Presidents. 

BENJAMIN HARRISON (Ind.), 1889-1893 

LEVI P. MORTON, V. P. 

Important Legislation. — The Dependent Pension Bill 
(1890) nearly doubled the number of pensions. Cleveland 
had vetoed this bill, because of its enormous additional ex- 
pense to the taxpayers. The Repeal of the Bland-Allison Act 
(1878) under which nearly 400,000,000 silver dollars had 
been coined and stored in the Treasury, was followed by the 
passage of the Sherman Act, which provided for the purchase 
each month of 4,500,000 ounces of silver to be paid for with 
Treasury notes redeemable in either gold or silver. After 
July 1, 1891, the silver so purchased need not be coined, 
but might be stored, and silver certificates issued against it. 
The government practically ceased to coin silver dollars, but 
became the possessor of increasing amount of a metal then 
decreasing in value. The McKinley Tariff Bill raised the 
protective duties, but allowed the President to establish with 
other nations "reciprocity agreements," i.e. agreements to 
reduce the tariff on each other's goods. 

Matters of Importance. — The opening of Oklahoma, 
The Pan American Congress for closer political and com- 
mercial unity. Amnesty to the Mormons and restoration 
of church property. The Homestead Strike. The rise of 
the Populists. 

74 



ADMINISTRATION OF CLEVELAND 

The Campaign of 1892. — The Democrats for the third 
time nominated Grover Cleveland for President, with Adlai 
E. Stevenson, of Illinois, for Vice President. The Repub- 
licans renominated Benjamin Harrison, and chose Whitelaw 
Reid, of New York, for Vice President. Both parties con- 
demned trusts, and called for the coinage of both gold and 
silver. The Populists, or People's Party, nominated Genera.^ 
J. B. Weaver, of Iowa, for President, and James S. Field, of 
Virginia, for Vice President, and declared in favor of the 
free coinage of silver, graduated income tax, state ownership 
of railroads and telegraphs, and government loans on farm 
products. Cleveland received 277 electoral votes against 
145 for Harrison and 22 for Weaver. For first time since 
1861, House, Senate, and President were Democratic. 

GROVER CLEVELAND (N.Y.), 1 893-1897 

ADLAI E. STEVENSON, V. P. 

The Panic of 1893. — The increase of Treasury's gold obli- 
gations, and the decrease in the gold reserve, caused fear 
that the government might be obliged to pay its debts in 
silver dollars, the bullion value of which had fallen to 67 
cents. This fear led foreigners to sell American stocks and 
bonds, and our own people to hoard gold. " Tight money ** 
followed, banks failed, and men were thrown out of work. 

The Repeal of the Sherman Act, Nov. 1, 1893, in a special 
session of Congress, to stop the drain on the gold reserve, 
caused a split in both parties. Democrats and Republicans 
in the silver mining states joined the PeojDle's Party in op- 
posing its repeal. An issue of bonds was made four times 
to enable the Treasury to redeem its notes in gold. 

The Wilson Bill was passed without the President's signa- 

75 



OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

ture (Aug. 24, 1894). It reduced the duties about 11%, and 
admitted wool to the free list. The " income tax " appended 
to the bill was later declared unconstitutional. 

Foreign Relations. — Hawaiian Islands. The Native Queen 
(Liliuokalani) was overthrown, and a republic set up with 
an American as President (1893). After investigation, 
Cleveland refused to annex the islands, but recognized Ha- 
waii as an independent republic (1894). 

The Bering Sea Arlitration. — The United States claimed 
that the seal fisheries of Alaska included the whole of Be- 
ring Sea, and seized Canadian vessels which took seals in 
the open sea. England protested that this was unlawful 
on the high seas. The Court of Paris, 1893, decided against 
the United States, but issued regulations to protect the 
seals. 

The Venezuela Dispute over the boundary between that 
state and British Guiana. Cleveland extended the policy of 
the Monroe Doctrine to a protective attitude toward the 
weaker South American Republic, and suggested arbitra- 
tion. Upon Great Britain's refusal to arbitrate, the Presi- 
dent appointed a commission to determine the real boundary, 
and said that we should resist any attempt to encroach upon 
Venezuelan territory. At this unmistakable threat of war, 
Great Britain yielded. Arbitration finally decided (1899) 
that Great Britain was entitled to most of the territory 
claimed. 

Matters of Importance. — The World's Fair at Chicago. 
The march of " Coxey's Army." The great railroad strikes 
at Chicago. The Atlanta Exposition of the cotton states. 
The extension of the merit system of civil service to 40,000 
more positions. 

The Campaign of 1896. — Rise of the " free silver " theory. 
The Republicans nominated William McKinley, of Ohio, 

76 



ADMINISTRATION OF McKlNLEY 

for President, and Garret A. Hobart, of New Jersey, for Vice 
President, and declared against free silver except by internar 
tional agreement. The delegates from the silver mining 
states then seceded from the party. The Democrats nomi- 
nated William J. Bryan, of Nebraska, for President, and 
Arthur Sewell, of Maine, for Vice President. They de- 
manded the free coinage of silver, at 16 to 1, without waiting 
for the aid of any other nation. The Gold Democrats, or 
N'ational Democrats, refused to support free silver, and nomi- 
nated John M. Palmer, of Illinois, for President, and Simon B. 
Buckner, of Kentucky, for Vice President The Populists 
nominated William J. Bryan for President, but selected 
Thomas E. Watson, of Georgia, for Vice President. It 
was a campaign of discussion and argument. McKinley 
received 271 electoral votes, and Bryan 176. 

WILLIAM MCKINLEY (0.), 1897-1901 

GARRET A. HOBART, V. P., 1897-1899 

THEODORE ROOSEVELT (N.Y.), V. P., March 4-Sept. 14, 
1901 ; Pres., 1901-1905 

Tlie Dingiey Tariff Act was passed by special session of 
Congresfe, July 24, 1897, to provide revenue. The rates 
were increased on woolen and silk fabrics, wool and hides 
were put on the dutiable list, and specific duties were sub- 
stituted for " ad valorem " duties. 

The Spanish War, 1898 

Causes of the War. — Insurrection broke out in Cuba in 
1895, the sixth in fifty years. Much property was destroyed, 
and American residents arrested. 

77 



OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

The " reconcentrados " — the people driven into the towns 
by Captain-General Weyler — died by thousands for lack of 
food and medical supplies. Americans desired to lend aid. 
Publications of Spaiiish Minister I)e Lome's letter, in which 
he spoke slightingly of President McKinley, added to the ill 
feeling. The destruction by a submarine mine of the battle- 
ship Maine, at Havana, Feb. 15, 1898, horrified the nation. 
Fifty million dollars for defense voted. On April 19 a joint 
resolution directed the President to compel Spain to leave 
Cuba. Spain severed diplomatic relations with us, April 21, 
and war was begun. 

The War, 1898 

May 1 The Battle of Manila. Commodore George Dewey 
destroyed the entire Spanish fleet of ten ships, 
captured the arsenal at Cavite, and the forts at the 
harbor entrance. 

May 19 Cervera's fleet bottled up at Santiago. Hobson 
sank the Merrimac in the harbor entrance. 

June 24 Capture of La Quasima. 

July 1 Stormingof San Juan and Caney; Sh after, Roosevelt. 

July 3 Destruction of Cervera's fleet; Sampson, Schley. 

July 17 Surrender of Santiago by General Toral. 

July 25 General Miles landed on Porto Rico. 

Aug. 12 Protocol for the cessation of hostilities signed 

Aug. 13 Unconditional surrender of Manila after joint 
attack by General Merritt's army and Commodore 
Dewey's fleet. 

Dec. 10 Treaty of Peace signed at Paris, providing that 
Spain should relinquish her title to Cuba, cede 
Porto Rico and Guam, and also turn over the 
Philippines to the United States on payment of 
i 20,000,000. 

78 



ADMINISTRAilON UJ^ McKINLEY 

Results of the War. — United States came into possession 
of colonies, and permanently increased army and navy. 

The Republic of Hawaii was annexed by Joint resolution, 
July 7, 1898. Annexation was partly a war measure, to give 
us a coaling station. Hawaii was organized as a territory 
in 1900. 

Cuba. — American occupation did much for the sanitary 
improvement of the island. Under a republican constitu- 
tion, President Palma and other officers were chosen ; Ameri- 
can troops were withdrawn (May, 1902). By the ^^ Piatt 
Amendment," the Cuban government was required (1) not to 
enter into any treaty with a foreign power, which would 
impair its independence, and (2) to recognize the right of 
the United States to intervene, if necessary. 

Poi'to Rico, in 1901, secured freedom of trade with the 
United States. A governor and Upper House were appointed 
by the President, and a Lower House elected by the Porto 
Ricans. (After 1917 the Porto Ricans were citizens of the 
United States and elected both houses of their legislature.) 

The Philippines suffered from revolt under Aguinaldo. 
Since his capture, in 1901, gTeat progress made in opening 
schools and in establishing local self-government. 

The Campaign of 1900. — The Republicans renominated 
William McKinley for President, and nominated Theodore 
Roosevelt, of New York, for Vice President. The Demo- 
crats nominated William J. Bryan again, and former Vice 
President Adlai E. Stevenson. McKinley received 292 elec- 
toral votes against 145 for Bryan. 

Assassination of McKinley. — The Pan American Exposi- 
tion at Buffalo for the advancement of common commercial 
interest was the scene of McKinley's death. He was shot 
by an obscure anarchist, and died, Sept. 14, 1901. Vice 
President Roosevelt was immediately sworn in as President. 

79 



OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 
THEODORE ROOSEVELT (N.Y.), 1901-1909. 

CHARLES W. FAIRBANKS, V.P., 1905-1909. 

A great anthracite coal strike of five months (1902) caused 
a shortage of fuel. President Roosevelt, as mediator, ap- 
pointed a commission which settled the strike. 

The Alaskan Boundary disputes were settled in October, 
1903, by a commission, granting to the United States the 
control of a continuous strip of the mainland shore from 
Portland Canal northward. 

The Pacific cable was completed, July 4, 1905. The Presi- 
dent's message sent round the world in twelve minutes. 

The Fanama Canal. — By the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, Nov. 
18, 1901, Great Britain gave up her claim to any control 
of any isthmian canal. This treaty replaced the Clayton- 
Bulioer Treaty of 1850, which had guaranteed neutral con- 
trol of the Nicaragua route, and had caused many disputes. 
The question of the canal route was settled in favor of the 
Panama route (1902), but the treaty proposed with Colombia, 
securing the necessary territory for the canal, was rejected 
by the Colombian Senate. The state of Panama thereupon 
declared its independence of Colombia, November, 1903. 
The United States paid a bonus of $10,000,000, and guaran- 
teed the independence of the new republic, and Panama 
granted control of a strip of land ten miles wide across the 
Isthmus to the United States. Work on the canal was 
begun in 1904. 

The Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis (1903). 

The Campaign of 1904* — The Republicans nominated 
Theodore Roosevelt, and Charles W. Fairbanks, of Indiana. 
The platform indorsed protection and the gold standard. 

The Democrats declared for a reduction of the tariff, and 
condemned trusts and imperialism ; they nominated Alton 

80 



ADMINISTRATION OF TAFT 

G. Parker, of New York, and Henry G. Davis, of West Vir- 
ginia. The election gave President Roosevelt 336 electoral 
votes and Judge Parker 140. 

Notable Features of Roosevelt's Second T'erm. — Successful 
efforts of the President to bring about termination of Russo- 
Japanese War (Treaty of Portsmouth, summer of 1905), for 
Tv^hich he was awarded Nobel Prize (1907). 

Pushing of work on the Panama Canal. 

Intervention in Cuba ; Gov. Magoon in control, 1906-1909. 

Strong stand against illegal activities or combinations of 
great corporations, as in the Northern Securities suit, the 
Standard Oil and other prosecutions. 

San Francisco earthquake and fire, April 18, 1906. 

The Election of 1908. — The Republican candidates, 
William H. Taft, of Ohio, and James S. Sherman, of New 
York, were elected by 321 electoral votes to 162 for the 
Democrats, William J. Bryan, and John W. Kern, of Indiana. 

WILLIAM H. TAFT (0.), 1909-1913. 

JAMES S. SHERMAN, V.P. 

Notable Events. — New tariff act of 1909. Extension of 
powers of Interstate Commerce Commission. Dissol;itiou 
of Standard Oil and other trusts under the Sherman Act. 
Establishment of postal sayings banks. Beginning of a 
parcels post. Continuation of work on the Panama Canal. 
Proposal of amendments to the Constitution giving Con- 
gress full power to levy income taxes (1909), and providing 
for the election of senators by the people instead of by the 
legislature of each state (1912). Proposed reciprocity with 
Canada in reducing tariff duties was rejected by Canada. 

Direct primaries (making nomination by vote), the initia- 
tive (by which a sufficient number of voters can propose a 

81 



OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

law), the referendum (submission of new laws to popular 
vote), and the recall (removal of officers by vote), were 
adopted in many states during the period of 1898-1913. 
Several of the western states also adopted woman suffrage. 

Election of 1912. — Democrats nominated Woodrow Wil- 
son, of New Jersey, and Thomas R. Marshall, of Indiana ; 
Republicans renominated Taft and Sherman, after a close 
contest between the progressives and the conservatives 
in the party. The defeated faction then formed the 
Progressive Party and nominated Theodore Roosevelt 
with Hiram Johnson, of California. Wilson and Marshall 
elected. 

Early in 1913 the proposed income-tax amendment to the 
Constitution (Sixteenth) was declared adopted. 

WOODROW WILSON (N.J.), 1913-1921. 

THOMAS R. MARSHALL, V.P. 

World War, see summary on pages 90-91. 

Mexico in Revolution. — Seizure of Vera Cruz (1914) . 
International conference. Downfall of Huerta. Recogni- 
tion of Carranza (1915). Villa's raid on Columbus, New 
Mexico (1916). Pursuit by American troops. Mobilization 
of national guard. International conference. 

Important Legislation. — Underwood act of 1913, reducing 
the tariff. Income tax for revenue. Federal Reserve Act 
(1913), a great improvement in the banking and currency 
system. Clayton Act. Federal Trade Commission. Ship- 
ping law, appropriating $50,000,000 for a government-owned 
merchant marine. Rural Credits law. Workmen's Compen- 
sation laws, national and state. 

Other Notable Events. — Adoption of Seventeenth amend- 
ment providing for popular election of senators. Comple- 

82 



ADMINISTRATION OF HARDING 

tion of Panama Canal (1914). Purchase of Virgin Islands 
(1916). 

Presidential Campaign of 1916. — Democrats renominated 
Wilson and Marshall. Republicans, Charles E. Hughes, of 
New York, and Charles W. Fairbanks, of Indiana. Wilson 
and Marshall reelected. 

Adoption of Eighteenth amendment, prohibiting the 
liquor traffic (1919) ; and Nineteenth, granting nation-wide 
woman suffrage (1920) - 

Presidential Campaign of 1920. — Republicans nominated 
Warren G. Harding, of Ohio, and Calvin Coolidge, of Massa- 
chusetts; Democrats, James M. Cox, of Ohio, and Franklin 
D. Roosevelt, of New York. The result was a Republican 
landslide, 7,000,000 plurality, 404 electoral votes to 127. 

WARREN G. HARDING (0.), 1921-August 2, 1923. 
CALVIN COOLIDGE (Mass.), V.P. and Pres., 1923- 

Notahle Events. — Separate treaties signed with Germany 
and Austria (1921). Arms conference held at Washington 
in 1921. The Fordney-McCumber tariff act adopted in 1922. 
Immigration laws made more restrictive. President Harding 
died August 2, 1923, and Calvin Coolidge thereupon became 
President. Reduction of taxes. Payment of bonus to World 
War veterans. 

Election of 1924- — Republican candidates, Calvin Cool- 
idge, of Massachusetts, and Charles G. Dawes, of Illinois ; 
Democratic, John W. Davis, of West Virginia, and Charles 
W. Bryan, of Nebraska; Progressive and Socialist, Robert 
M. La Follette, of Wisconsin, and Burton K. Wheeler, of 
Montana. The Republicans won a decisive victory, with a 
large majority of both popular and electoral votes. 



83 



Summary of the History of Folitical Parties in the United 
States 

First parties: Federalists, supporting a strong national 
government, and "loose" or "broad construction" of the 
Constitution, i.e. interpreting the Constitution according to 
its spirit rather than according to its exact language ; chief 
leaders, — Washington, Hamilton, John Adams ; did im- 
portant work in bringing about the adoption of the Con- 
stitution and in establishing the government under it. 
Anti-Federalists, who came to be called Democratic- nepub- 
licans, and then Republicans (not to be confused with the 
later Republican Party), opposing a strong central govern- 
ment, and supporting " strict construction " of the Constitu- 
tion, i.e. interpreting the Constitution according to the letter 
of its language ; led by Jefferson and Madison. 

Decline of the Federalists, during Adams's administration, 
on account of unpopularity of the Alien and Sedition acts, 
and of Adams himself. TriwnpJi of Republicans, with elec- 
tion of Jefferson, 1801 ; but his most important act, the 
Louisiana Purchase, was contrary to " strict construction." 
In principles, the distance between the parties grew less, 
but Federalists continued to decline, as a party, on account 
of opposition to War of 1812. Party disappeared in Era of 
Good Feeling, Monroe's administrations — /Ae only period in 
history of the United States without party conflict, but not with- 
out personal political conflict. 

Rise of neic parties : National Republicans favoring a pro- 
tective tariff (begun, 1816, after War of 1812), public im- 
provements (roads, canals, etc.) by the national government, 
and " loose construction ' : led by Henry Clay. Democrats, 
favoring " strict construction," and in general opposing the 
National Republicans ; first called " Jackson men," from 

84 



SUMMAKY OF POLITICAL PARTIES 

their doughty leader, Andrew Jackson ; they were the suc- 
cessors of the Republicans of Jefferson's day, and have 
maintained a party organization ever since. The seeds of 
these parties were sown during Monroe's second administra- 
tion, but the parties took definite form in the Presidential 
election of 1828. 

Nominations for the Presidency had been made by party 
caucuses in Congress, up to this time. In 1832 the practice 
of nominating by jt>a?^i'?/ conventions wsls begun and has con- 
tinued ever since. 

Minor parties: Anti-Masons, in the late twenties, grew up 
to oppose Free Masonry, 011 account of alleged interference 
of Masons with politics and free institutions. Died out in a 
short time. Abolitionists, first anti-slavery society, I80I, 
William Lloyd Garrison ; organized as the Liberty Party, in 
the late thirties. 

The National Republicans gradually came to be called 
Whigs, in the early thirties. Disappeared after 1856. 

After the Mexican War, arose the Free Soilers (1848), 
composed of Democrats, Wliigs, and Abolitionists, who op- 
posed making slave states or slave territories out of newly 
acquired territory. After the Compromise of 1850, arose 
the American Party (1852), commonly dubbed the " Know 
Nothings,'' on account of their secrecy; they opposed easy 
naturalization of foreigners, and favored the election of 
native-born Americans to office ; adopted the name of 
Constitutional Union Party in the late fifties, but died out 
in a few years. 

The Republican Party, originated in the opposition to the 
Kansas -Nebraska Act, 1854, at first called '^ Anti Nebraska 
Men,'* but by 1856, Republicans. In addition to a general 
adherence to protection, internal improvements, and national 
bank currency, the new Republican Party stood for the 

85 



OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

principle that the Federal Government had the power to control 
slavery in the territories. It contained Northern Democrats, 
Whigs, Free Soilers, and Liberty Party men, and grew 
rapidly in power. It was led by Seward, Greeley, Sumner, 
and later by Lincoln. 

Minor Parties since 1865. — The Liberal Republicans, who 
split from the Republican Party (1872), favored "universal 
amnesty and universal enfranchisement," but this division 
did not last long. The National or " Greenback " Party was 
formed to oppose resumption of specie payments (1876) ; 
later merged into the Greenback JLabor National (1880). The 
prevention of the manufacture or sale of intoxicating liquors 
is the chief principle of the Prohibition Party, first national 
convention, 1884. The People's Party numbered over a 
million in 1892, but soon merged with the Democrats. The 
Progressive Party, originating in a split from the Republican 
Party (1912), favored many reforms, but soon died out. 
The Socialists include several different parties. 

The Republican Party has, in general, since the Civil War, 
stood for protection, while the Democratic Party has favored 
a tariff for revenue only. 

The parties in power from the beginning of the United 
States : — 

Washington — Adams, J., 1789-1801 . . Federalist. 

( (Anti-Federalist) 
Jefferson -Adams, J. Q., 1801-1829 . |^ Republican. 

Jackson — Van Buren . 1829-1841 . . Democratic. 

Harrison and Tyler . . 1841-1845 . . Whig. 

Polk 1845-1849 . . Democratic. 

Taylor 1849-1853 . . Whig. 

Pierce — Buchanan . . 1853-1861 . . Democratic. 

Lincoln — Garfield . . . 1861-1885 . . Republican. 

86 



SUMMARY OF CHIEF INVENTIONS 

Cleveland . . ... 1885-1889 . . Democratic. 

Harrison, Benjamin . . 1889-1893 . . Republican. 

Cleveland ...... 1893-1897 . . Democratic. 

McKinley — Taft . . . 1897-1913 . . Republican. 

Wilson ....... 1913-1921 . . Democratic. 

Harding 1921- . . Republican. 

Summary of Chief Inventions of the Nineteenth Century 

[Chronologically arranged] 

It is difficult to date many important inventions, because 
few of them have sprung full-fledged into use, while most 
have developed as the result of experiment, often the work 
of many hands and brains. The following summary attempts 
only to give approximate dates, and the names which de- 
serve, sometimes the sole credit, but always the chief credit, 
for bringing forth the invention : — 

Cotton gin (A .*), 1793, Eli Whitney. 

Steamboat (A,), 1807, Fulton. 

Friction matches, about 1829. 

Steam locomotive (E.), 1830, Stephenson. First line in the 
United States, Peter Cooper, 1830. 

Mower and reaper (A.), 1834, McCormick. 

Revolver (A.), 1835, Colt. 

Screw propeller (A.), 1836, Ericsson. 

Telegraph (A.), 1837, Henry, Morse, Vail. First long- 
distance line, Baltimore to Washington, 1844. 

Steam hammer (A.), 1838, Nasmyth. 

Vulcanization of rubber (A.), 1839, Goodyear. 

Photography, 1840, developed by Draper from the da- 
guerreotype invented by a Frenchman, Daguerre. 

Ether, resulting in painless surgery (A), 1846, Morton. 

* A. = American. E. = English. 

87 



OUTLINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

Sewing machine (A.), 1846, Howe. 

Steam cylinder printing presses (A.), 1847, Hoe. 

Mowing machine (A.), 1854, W. A. Wood. 

Monitor (A.), 1862, John Ericsson. 

Air brake (A.), 1868, Westinghoiise. 

Typewriter (A.), patented as early as 1714, but never 
became important until Sholes-Remington, 1874. 

Telephone (A.), Bell, 1876. 

Incandescent electric light (A.), perfected by Edison, 
1879. 

Arc light (A.), Brush. 

Electric raihmy [trolley] (A.), 1884, Edison. First prac- 
tical trolley road, Richmond, Va., 1885, Sprague. 

Phonograph (A.), Edison. 

Type-setting machinery (A)., 1890. 

Safety bicycle, 1892, English development. 

Automobiles, French development, about 1900. 



TWENTIETH CENTURY. 

Airplane (A.), AVilbur and Orville Wright. 
Moving pictures (cinematograph). 
AVireless telegraphy, Marconi. 
Radiotelephony. 



88 



SUMMARY OF STATES 



Summary of States 







Date of 






Date of 


No. 


States 


Admission 

INTO THE 

Union 


No. 


States 


Admission 

into the 

Union 


1 


Delaware . . . 


1 1787 


25 


Arkansas . . 


1836 


2 


Pennsylvania . . 


1 1787 


26 


Michigan . . 


1837 


3 


New Jersey . . 


11787 


27 


Florida . . . 


1845 


4 


Georgia . . . 


1 1788 


28 


Texas . . . 


1845 


6 


Connecticut . . 


1 1788 


29 


Iowa. . . . 


1846 


6 


Massachusetts . 


11788 


30 


Wisconsin . . 


1848 


7 


Maryland . . . 


1 1788 


31 


California . . 


1850 


8 


South Carolina . 


1 1788 


32 


Minnesota . . 


1858 


9 


New Hampshire . 


1 1788 


33 


Oregon . . . 


1859 


10 


Virginia . . . 


1 1788 


34 


Kansas , • . 


1861 


n 


New York . . . 


11788 


35 


West Virginia 


1863 


12 


North Carolina . 


1 1789 


30 


Nevada . . . 


1864 


13 


Rhode Island . . 


1 1790 


37 


Nebraska . . 


1867 


14 


Vermont . . . 


1791 


38 


Colorado . . 


1876 


15 


Kentucky . . . 


1792 


39 


North Dakota . 


1889 


16 


Tennessee . . . 


1796 


40 


South Dakota . 


1889 


17 


Ohio 


1803 


41 


Montana . . 


1889 


18 


Louisiana . . . 


1812 


42 


Washington . 


1889 


19 


Indiana . . . 


1816 


43 


Idaho . . . 


1890 


20 


Mississippi . . 


1817 


44 


Wyoming . . 


1890 


21 


Illinois .... 


1818 


45 


Utah. . . . 


1896 


22 


Alabama . . . 


1819 


46 


Oklahoma . . 


1907 


28 


Maine .... 


1820 


47 


New Mexico . 


1912 


24 


Missouri . . . 


1821 


48 


Arizona . . . 


1912 



1 Date of ratification of the Constitution. 

89 



THE WORLD WAR 

Period of American Neutrality (^1914-1917) 

Conditions Previous to War. — Germany and Austria de- 
sirous of expansion. Ambitious plans and underhand 
methods of Germany. Increased standing army in Ger- 
many, and stores of war material. Triple Alliance of Ger- 
many, Austria, and Italy. Triple Entente : France, England, 
and Russia. 

Events of lOlJ^. — Balkan situation. Assassination of 
Crown Prince of Austria the pretext for war against Serbia. 
War by Germany against Russia and France. Great 
Britain drawn in when Belgium was invaded Aug. 4, 
German defeat at the Marne. 

Later Events. — Sinking of the Lusitania, May 7, 1915. 
Fruitless exchange of diplomatic notes. Attempted destruc- 
tion of munition factories and bridges and ships in America. 

Pre- War A cfivities. — Attempt to create a merchant ma- 
rine. United States Shipping Board (5 members). Na- 
tional Defense Act, 1916. Army and Navy increased. 
Council for National Defense (6 members). The Zimmer- 
man note ; German intrigues with Mexico. Declaration of 
ruthless submarine warfare by Germany. Severing of dip- 
lomatic relations between Germany and United States, 
Feb. 3, 1917. President's war message, Apr. 2. " The world 
must be made safe for democracy." 

United States in the War. 

Declaration of War, Apr. 6, 1917. 

Military Preparations. — Volunteers for the army. First 
Selective Service law. All between 21 and 30 registered 
June 5, 1917. Draft boards. Second Draft Act, Aug. 31, 
1918. All between 18 and 45. Navy began unprecedented 
construction. Aviation service. 

Financial Preparations. — Increased income taxes. Taxes 
on corporations. Excess profit taxes. Luxury taxes. War 

90 



THE WORLD WAR 

Savings Stamps. Liberty Loans (^21,000,000,000). Stabil- 
ity of Federal Reserve banking system. 

Government Reorganization, — Food and fuel administra- 
tors. Dii-ector-General of railroads. Overman Bill. " Dol- 
lar-a-year men." Alien property custodian. 

Progress of the War. 

1917-1918. Transportation of American troops to France 
in British and American ships. Gen. Per- 
shing commander of American forces. Amer- 
icans fighting with French and British. 
Mar. to German "drive." Allied victories at Marne and 

June 1918. Chateau-Thierry. American marines and sol- 
diers at Belleau Wood. Foch commander in 
chief of Allied forces. 
July to Foch began offensive. More than 2,000,000 

Nov. American soldiers overseas before end of 

war. Organization into First and Second 
Armies under American generals. Capture of 
St. Mihiel salient. Meuse-Argonne victory. 
Nov. 11. Armistice signed Nov. 11. Pres. Wilson's " four- 
teen points," taken as basis of peace to be 
made later. 

Results of the War. 

Peace Conference at Versailles, 1919. The " Big Four **: 
Wilson, Lloyd George, Clemenceau, Orlando. Delegates 
from 27 nations signed the treaty with Germany. Germany 
gave up all her colonies ; restored Alsace-Lorraine to France ; 
ceded territory to Belgium, Denmark, and Poland. Army 
reduced to 100,000. Navy practically wiped out. Fortifica- 
tions on Rhine and Helgoland demolished. Large cash 
reparations. Constitution of the League of Nations. 

United States Senate refused to ratify the Peace Treaty. 
Organization of the League without the United States. Its 
objects. Separate treaty with Germany, 1921. 

91 



TYPICAL EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 

1. In what elections was Henry Clay a candidate for 
the Presidency? State the issues, the names of the rival 
candidates, and the results in each, explaining fully the 
reasons for his defeat in the last election in which he was 
a candidate. 

2. Explain the difference between making a treaty and 
resorting to arbitration. Give the provisions of two treaties 
and two arbitration settlements since the Civil War. 

3. Give the provisions of two laws in the enactment of 
which John Sherman played an important part. 

4. Explain the hostility of Charles II to the Massachu- 
setts Bay Colony which led to the loss of its charter in 1684. 

5. Mention at least two cases of political opposition to 
the Supreme Court of the United States, and explain fully 
the nature of the opposition in each case. 

6. Trace the relations of the United States with Cuba 
from the middle of the nineteenth century to the present 
day. 

7. Discuss the accuracy of two of the following state- 
ments ; 

(a) America was discovered in 1492. 

(b) The Declaration of Independence was signed on 
July 4, 1776. 

(c) With the acquisition of the Philippine Islands the 
United States became a colonizing power. 

8. How does the United States govern the Philippines, 
Alaska, Porto Rico, Hawaii? 

92 



TYPICAL EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 

9 Sketch the public career of one of the following men; 
sho^ng how his life has influenced the history of our coun- 
try : John Quincy Adams, Daniel A\'ebster, John C. Cal- 
houn, William H. Seward. 

10. What were four important steps in the development 
of the slavery controversy from the end of the Mexican 
War to the outbreak of the Civil War? Explain the sig- 
nificance of each of the four. 

11. Compare the character of the immigration into the 
United States during the decade 1850-1860 with that during 
the decade 1900-1910. What restrictions are placed upon 
immigration into the United States at the present time ? 

12. Could a President be elected by a minority of the 
total number of persons voting at a Presidential election? 
Give your reasons. 

13. What was the embargo policy of Jefferson? What 
conditions was it intended to meet ? 

11. Write notes on Jive of the following topics : May- 
nower Compact, Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, Arti- 
cles of Confederation, Nullification in South Carolina, the 
Underground Railroad, Trent Affair, Greenback Party, 
Adamson Bill. 

15. What mistakes were made by CongTCSs in its recon- 
struction policy ? State why you regard them as mistakes. 

16. What have been the chief periods of western migra- 
tion in our history and what have been the chief incentives 
in each ? In what different ways has the western emigrant 
been able to get land ? 

17. Describe the Presidential campaig-n of 1896. What 
new national issues appeared during the political campaign 
of 1900? 

18. What attempts has Congress made to regulate "big 
business'' during the past half-centurr? 

93 



OUTLINE OP AMEKICAN HISTORY 

19. How can an alien become a citizen of the United 
States? Is every one born outside the United States an 
alien? Is every one bom in the United States a citizen? 
What political offices in the United States, if any, are closed 
to the alien-born ? 

20. "Why is a provision of the Constitution superior to a 
law of Congress? Show what control over Congressional 
legislation is possessed by (a) the President; (b) the Su- 
preme Court. 

21. Write brief notes on five of the following topics: sol- 
diers' insurance, " A. B. C. " powers, spoils system, " open 
door," embargo, gag resolutions, Freedmen's Bureau, reci- 
procity. 

22. For what political principles did Cleveland stand as 
President and as a leader of the Democratic party ? Give 
an account of what he did, or attempted to do, to incorpo- 
rate them into legislation. 

23. In what three Presidential elections was the final 
choice of the President settled either by the House of Rep- 
resentatives or by both houses of Congress? Narrate the 
important facts of any one of these and explain the clause 
or clauses of the Constitution which were concerned in the 
controversy. 

24. What specific limitations are laid upon the states 
by the Constitution ? 

25. Mention three occasions on which difficulties have 
arisen between Great Britain and the United States and 
have been adjusted without war. Explain what each diffi- 
culty was and how it was adjusted. 

26. By what authority and through what agency did the 
United States control interstate commerce before 1914 ? 

27. Make a list, in logical order, of eight or ten titles for 
chapters shoTimig the development of American history 

94 



TYPICAL EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 

from the close of the Reyolutionary War to the present tim^ 
Give dates covered by each chapter heading. 

28. Locate and name the site of four of the follovring 
places : 

The first capital of the Southern Confederacy. 
The place where the treaty was signed which ended 
the Russo-Japanese War. 

The Pullman Strike. 

The first permanent Spanish settlement in America. 

Grant's victory of July, 1S63. 

Copper-mining districts. 

29. Compare the naval policy of Germany toward Amer- 
ican commerce during the World War with the naval policy 
of England and of France between 1793 and 1812. 

30. Why did Kansas and Nevada support Bryan for Presi- 
dent in 1896, and why did Massachusetts support McKinley? 

31. Compare the careers of Washington and Lincoln as to 
preparation for life, personal characteristics, and work done. 

32. Write a brief biography of Henry Clay or of Stephen 
A. Douglas. 

33. Compare the Hawaiian policies of Presidents Cleve- 
land and McKinley. AVhat precedent was there for the 
annexation of territory by joint resolution, instead of by 
treaty ? 

34. What part did the United States take in the move- 
ment for international peace between the Spanish War and 
the World War ? 

35. What is the Electoral College in theory and in prac- 
tice? Describe fully the present method of nominating 
Presidential candidates. 



95 



INDEX. 



Note. The pupil will find all laws and wars arranged both in chronological 
order under those special heading's, and in alphahttical order throughout th< 
Index. 



Abercrombie, Gen. James, 18. 

Abolition Petitions, 41. 

Aoolitionist Party, rise of, 38; 
history of, 85. 

Acadia, early settlements in, 17. 

Acadians, expulsion of, 18. 

Act Removing Political Disabili- 
ties, G7. 

Adams, John, Vice Pres., 28; 
Pres., 29, 30; death of, 37. 

Adams, J. J., nominated for Vice 
Pres., 67. 

Adams, John Quincy, Pres., 36; 
fight against "gag rule," 41. 

Aguinaldo, 79. 

Aix-la-Chapelle, 17. 

Alabama, in secession, 55. 

Alabama claims, 67. 

Alabama letters, 44. 

Alaska, purchase of, 65 ; seal 
fisheries of, 75. 

Alaskan boundary disputes, 80. 

Albany Plan of Union, 18. 

Albemarle, N.C.,13. 

Alien and Sedition Laws, 29. 

Allen, Ethan, 22. 

Amendment, the Thirteenth, 62 ; 
the Fourteenth, 64; the Fif- 
teenth, 66. 



Amendments, First Ten, 28. 

America, origin of name, 5. 

American Association, formation 
of, 22. 

American Party, rise of, 49; his- 
tory of, 85. 

American Revolution, 20-25. 

Amnesty Proclamation, 62. 

Amsterdam, Fort, 11. 

Anderson, Major, surrender of, 
57. 

Andre, Major John, 24. 

Andros, Sir Edmund, 11. 

Annapolis (see Port Royal). 

Annapolis, trade meeting at, 26. 

Anthracite coal strike, 80. 

Antietam, battle of, 59. 

Anti-Federalists, adversaries of 
Constitution, 27; history of, 84. 

Anti-Masons, origin of, 39 ; join 
National Republicans, 40; his- 
tory of, 85. 

Anti-Nebraska men, 85. 

Appomattox Court House, 61. 

Arctic Exploration, 71. 

Arfftts, 33. 

Arista, Mexican general, 45. 

Arkansas, secession of, 57; re* 
organized, 63. 



9G 



INDEX 



Armada, Spanish, 7. 

Army of the Potomac, organiza- 
tion of, 59. 

Araold, Benedict, 22-25. 

Arthur, Chester A., Vice Pres., 
70, 71; Pres., 71, 72. 

Articles of Confederation, 25. 

Aiihburton Treaty, 43. 

Assumption Bill, 28. 

Astor, John Jacob (founder of 
Astoria), 45. 

Atlanta, battle before, GO. 

Atlanta Exposition, 71, 7(i. 

Atlantic Cable, 65. 

Atlantic coast, war along the, 33. 

Austria, see Koszta, Martin. 

Automobiles, invention of, 88. 

Avon, 33. 

Ayllon, Spanish explorer, 5. 

Azores Islands, 7. 

Bacon's Rebellion, 9. 

Bainbridge, Captain, 32. 

Balboa, 5, 6. 

Baltimore, attacked, 33; the 
Sixth Mass. mobbed at, 57. 

Baltimore, Lord, 12. 

Banks, Gen. Nathaniel P., 60. 

Barbary States, trouble with, 34. 

Battles, of American Revolution, 
22-25 ; of Civil War, 58-61 ; of 
Spanish War, 78. 

Baum, Friedrich, 23. 

Beauregard, General, 57, 58, 59. 

Bell, Alexander Graham, in- 
ventor of telephone, 88. 

Bell, John, nominated for Presi- 
dency, 54. 

Bemis Heights, battle of, 23. 

Bennington, battle of, 23. 

Bering Sea arbitration, 76. 



Berkeley, Gov. Sir William, 9. 

Berkeley, Lord, 13. 

Berlin decree, 30. 

Bicycle, safety, invention of, 
88. 

Bienville, Jean Baptiste le Moyne 
de, 18. 

Black Friday, 68. 

Black Hawk War, 38. 

Black Republicans, 51. 

Black Warrior, 50. 

Blaine, James G., 70, 72. 

Blair, Gen. Francis Preston, 65. 

Bland-Allison Bill, passed, 70; 
repealed, 74. 

Blennerhassett, Harman, 30. 

Booth, John Wilkes, 62. 

Border Ruffians, 51. 

Border States, secession of, 57. 

Boston, Puritans at, 10; mas- 
sacre, 21 ; Port Bill, 21 ; Tea 
Party, 21 ; siege of, 22 ; evacu- 
ation of, 22 ; rebuilding of, 68. 

Boundary disputes, under Mon- 
roe, 35, 

Boxer, 33, 

Braddock's defeat, 18. 

Bradford, William, 10. 

Bragg, Gen. Braxton, 58, 60. 

Brandywine, battle of, 23. 

Breckinridge, John C.,Vice Pres., 
52-56; nominated for Pres., 54. 

British America, boundary of, 67. 

Brooklyn Bridge, 71. 

Brooks, Preston Smith, 51. 

Brown, Gen. Jacob, 33. 

Brown, Gratz, 67. 

Brown, John, 51, 54, 55, '66. 

Brown, Fort, 45. 

Brush, Charles Francis, inventor 
of the arc light, 88. 



97 



INDEX 



Bryan, William J., 77, 79. 
Buchauan, Frauklin, 59, 60. 
Buchanan, James, minister to 

England, 50; Pres., 52-56. 
Buekner, Simon B., 77. 
Buell, Gen. Don Carlos, 58. 
Biiena Vista, battle of, 45. 
Bull Run, first and second battles 

of, 59. 
Bunker Hill, battle of, 22. 
Burgesses, house of, 8, 9. 
Burgoyne, Gen. John, 23. 
Burlingame Treaty, 65. 
Burnside, Gen. Ambrose E.,59. 
Burr, Aaron, 30. 

Butler, Gen. Benjamin F., 58,72. 
Buzzard's Bay, 7. 

Cabinet, germ of the, 28. 

Cabots, John and Sebastian, 5, 7. 

Cabrillo (Spanish explorer), 6. 

Caciques, 13. 

Calhoun, JohnC, Vice Pres., 30, 
37, 38; speech for secession, 48. 

California, conquest of, 45 ; un- 
der compromise of 1850, 48. 

Calvert, Leonard, 12. 

Camden, battle of, 24. 

Cameron, Simon, Secretary of 
War, 57. 

Canada, War of Revolution in, 
22 ; war along border of, 32. 

Canadian fisheries, 67, 72. 

Canals, 40. 

Caney, storming of, 78. 

Cape Breton, 5. 

Carolina nullifiers, 40. 

Carolinas, colonial population of, 
16 ; see also North Carolina and 
South Carolina. 

Carpet baggers, 66. 



Carteret, Sir George, 13. 

Cartier (French explorer), 6, 7. 

Cass, Lewis, 47. 

Cavite, capture of arsenal at, 
78. 

Cedar Creek, battle of, 61. 

Centennial Exposition, 69. 

Cerro Gordo, battle of, 46. 

Cervera, Admiral, 78. 

Chancellorsville, battle of, 61. 

Chapultepec, battle of, 40. 

Charleston, S.C., settlement of, 
14 ; capture of, 24 ; democratic 
convention at, 54. 

Chase, Salmon P., 57. 

Chattanooga, siege of, 60. 

Cherokee Indians, 37. 

Cherub, 33. 

Chesapeake, 30, 33. 

Chesapeake Bay, 33. 

Chicago, Republican convention 
at, 54; rebuilding of, 68; labor 
troubles in, 73; World's Fair 
at, 76. 

Chickamauga, battle of, 60. 

China, treaty ports in, 50; Bur- 
lingame Treaty with, 05. 

Chinese Immigration Act, 71, 73. 

Chippewa, battle of, 33. 

Christina, Fort, 12. 

Chrysler's Farm, 32. 

Church of England, 14. 

Churubusco, battle of, 40. 

Cibola, Seven Cities of, 6. 

Civil Service Act, 71. 

Civil War, causes of, 55 ; battles 
of, 57-61. 

Clarendon Colony, 14. 

Clark, George Rogers, 24. 

Clay, Henry, and the Missouri 
Compromise, 36 ; nominated for 



98 



INDEX 



Pres., 43; his compromise of 
1850, 48. 

Clayborne, William, 12. 

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 80; see 
also Compromise of 1850. 

Cleveland, Grover, Pres., 72-77. 

Cliuton, De Witt, 36. 

Clinton, Gen. Sir Henry, 23, 24. 

Clinton, George, Vice Pres., 30, 
31. 

Coinage Act, 68. 

Colfax, Schuyler, Vice Pres., 
66-69. 

Colonial legislatures, dissolution 
of, 21. 

Colonial Rights, Declaration of, 
22. 

Colonies, founding of, in Amer- 
ica, 8-14; New England, 14, 
15; Middle, 15, 16; Southern, 
16 ; growth of, 16-20 ; in gov- 
ernmental groups, 19; in geo- 
graphical groups, 20; adopt 
Constitution, 25. 

Colorado River, discovery of, 6. 

Colt, Samuel, 87. 

Columbia, capture of, 60. 

Columbus, 5. 

Committees of Correspondence, 
21. 

Compromise of 1850, 48. 

Compromise tariff of 1833, 39. 

Concord, battle of, 22. 

Confederacy, established, 55; cap- 
ital of, moved to Richmond, 57 ; 
cut in two (1863), 60; debts 
repudiated, 63, 64. 

Confederation, Articles of, 25, 27. 

Congress of one house, 25; its 
plan of reconstruction, 64. 

Conkling, Senator, 71. 



Connecticut, settled, 12, 14. 

Constitution, the making of the, 
26; contest to pass the, 27; a& 
affected by Virginia and Ken- 
tucky Resolutions, 29; Amend- 
ments, 62, 64, 66, 82, 83. 

Constitution, 32, 34. 

Constitutional Union Party, 54, 
85. 

Continental Army, formed, 22. 

Continental Congress, 22, 27. 

Contreras, battle of, 46. 

Conway Cabal, 24. 

Cooke, Jay, 58, 68. 

Coolidge, Calvin, Pres., 83. 

Cooper, Peter, 69, 87. 

Corinth, capture of, 58. 

Cornwallis, General, 24, 25. 

Coronado (Spanish explorer) , 6. 

Cortereal (Portuguese explorer) , 
5. 

Cortez (Spanish explorer), 6. 

Cotton, John, 15. 

County committee, 16. 

Cowpens, battle of, 24. 

Coxey's Army, 76. 

Credit Mobilier, 68. 

Crime of 1873, 68. 

Critical Period, 25. 

Crittenden Compromise, 55. 

Crystal Palace, 49. 

Cuba, American occupation of, 
78, 79; see also Ostend Mani- 
festo. 

Cumberland Valley, burning of 
towns in, 61. 

Cyane, captured by Constitu- 
tion, 34. 



Daguerre (inventor), 87. 
Dallas, George M., Vice Pres., 44. 



99 



INDEX 



Dallas, battle of, 60. 

Dare, Virginia, 7. 

Darien, Isthmus of, 5, 6. 

Davenport, John, 12. 

Davis, Henry G., 81. 

Davis, Jefferson, Pres. of Con- 
federate Btates, 55 ; captured, 
61. 

Dearborn, Gen. Henry, 32. 

Decatur, Capt. Stephen, 30, 32, 
34. 

Declaration of Independence, 23. 

Declaration of Rights and Griev- 
ances, 21. 

Deerfield, massacre at, 17. 

De Kalb, Gen. Johann, 24. 

Delaware, colonization of, 13, 15 ; 
ratifies Constitution, 27. 

Democratic Party, rise of, 30, 36, 
37, 39 ; split into sections, 51 ; 
history of, 84-86. 

Democratic-Republicans, 30, 84. 

Denys (French explorer), 5. 

Dependent Pension Bill, 74. 

Deposit Act, 39. 

Detroit, surrender of, 32. 

Dewey, Com. George, 78. 

Dingley Tariff Act, 77. 

Dinwiddle, Governor, 18. 

Dissenters, Virginian, 13. 

Divorce Bill, 41. 

Donelson, Fort, 58. 

Dorr's Rebellion, 43. 

Douglas, Stephen A., 51, 54. 

Draft riots in New York, 61. 

Drake, Francis, 7. 

Draper, John William, inventor 
of photography, 87. 

Dred Scott Decision, 52-56. 

Duane, William John, Secretary 
of Treasury, 39. 



Duke's Laws, 11. 

Duquesne, Fort, 18, 19. 

Dutch settlements in New Jersey, 

13. 
Dutch West India Company, 11. 

Early, Gen. J. A., 61. 

East Jersey, 13. 

Eaton, Theophilus, 12. 

Edison, Thomas, 88. 

Edmund's Law, 71. 

Edmunds-Tucker Act, 73. 

Electoral Commission, 69. 

Electoral Count Act, 73. 

Elizabeth, N.J., 13. 

Emancipation Proclamation, 61. 

Embargo Act, 30. 

Endicott, John, 10. 

English, William H., 70. 

Enterprise, 33. 

Epervier, 33. 

Ericsson, John, 87, 88. 

Erie Canal, 36. 

Erie, Fort, 33. 

Erie Railroad Ring, 68. 

Essex, 32, 3a. 

Excise Law, 28. 

Fairbanks, Charles W., Vice 

Free., 80. 
Farragut, Admiral D. G., 58, 60, 

62. 
Federalists, 27, 29, 35, 84. 
Ferguson, Col. Patrick, 24. 
Field, Cyrus W., 65. 
Field, James S., 75. 
Fifteenth Amendment, 66. 
Fillmore, Millard, Vice Pres., 

47-49. 
Five Forks, battle of, 61. 
Florida, discovery of, 5 ; acquis! 



100 



INDEX 



tlon of, from Spain, 35: East 
and West, 20: in secession, 55. 

Foote, Com. Andrew H., 58. 

Force Act, H7. 

Force Bill, 39. 

Fort Brown, Fort Donelson, etc., 
see Brown, Donelson, etc. 

Frame of Government, 13. 

France, hold on Canada, 7; alli- 
ance with, 24; war with, 
averted, 29. 

Fray. Marcos, 6. 

Fredericksburg, battle of, 59. 

Freedman's Bureau Bill, 65. 

Freeport doctrine, the, 53. 

Free silver theory, 76. 

Free Soilers, history of, 85, 86. 

Free State Men. 51. 

Fre'mont, John C, 45, 62. 

French and Indian ^Ya^s, 16-19. 

French claims in America, 17, 18. 

French settlements in Mississippi 
Valley, 17. 

Frobisher, Martin, 7. 

Frolic, 32. 

Frontenac, Count, 17. 

Frontenac, Fort. 19. 

Fuca, Juan de, 5. 

Fugitive Slave Law, 49. 

Fulton, Robert. 31, 87. 

Fundamental Orders (of Conn.), 
12. 

Funding Bill, 28. 



Gadsden Purchase, 46. 
Gage, Gen. Thomas, 22. 
Gag Rule, 41. 
Gallatin, Albert. .30. 
Garfield. James A., Pres. 
Garrison, William Lloyd, 
Gaspee, burning oi the, i 



, 70, 

38. 
1. 



Gates, Gen. Horatio, 23, 24. 

Genet's Mission, 29. 

Georgia, colonization of, 14 : con- 
quest of. 24 : in secession, 55 ; 
admission of, 66. 

Germantown. battle of, 23. 

Gerry. Elbridge, Vice Pres., 31. 

Gettysburg, battle of. 61. 

Ghent, peace signed at, 34. 

Gila River, discovery of, 6. 

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 7. 

Grold. discovery of. in California. 
48. 

Gold (or National) Democrats, 77. 

Goldsboro, battle of. 60. 

Grood Hope. Dutch fort. 12. 

Goodyear, Charles, inventor, 87. 

Gorges, Sir Ferdiuando, 10, 11. 

Gosnold, Bartholomew, 7. 

Gourges, Dominique de, 7. 

Grand model, 13. 

Granger, Francis, 40. 

Grangers, the, 68, 69. 

GrauijGen. U.S.. in Civil War.SS. 
60, 61: nominated lur Pres., 
65; Pres., 66-69. 

Grasse, Fran9ois Joseph Paul de, 
25. 

Gray. Captain Robert, 44. 

Great Awakening, the, 16. 

Greeley, Horace, 67. 

Greely. Lieut. A. W., 71. 

Greenback-Labor Party, 70, 86. 

Greenback Party, 69, 72, 86. 

Greenbacks, issue of, 58, 65, 68. 

Greene, Gen. Xathanael, 24, 25. 

Greenland, 5. 

Guadalupe Hidalgo, treaty of, 46 
71. Guam ceded to L'.S., 78 

Guerilla warfare. 51. 

Gh-ierrVere, the, 32. 

101 



INDEX 



Guilford Court House, battle of, 

24. 
Gulf of St. Lawrence, discovery 

of, 5. 
Gulf States, the, discovery of, 6 ; 

war in, 33. 

Hale, John P., pres. cand 49. 
Half, Breeds, J^the, .^Repviblican 

faction, 71. 
Hamilton, Alexander. 2G, 27, 28, 
r 30,34. 

Hamlin, Hannibal, Vice Pres., 57. 
Halleck, Fitz-Greene, 58. 
Hancock, Gen. Winfield Scott, 70, 
Harding, Warren G., Pres., 83. 
Harmar, Josiah, 29. 
Harper's Ferry, 54, 59. 
Harrison, Benjamin, Pres., 73, 

74, 75. 
Harrison, William Henry, 31; 

Pres., 40; death of , 42. 
Hartford, Conn., settlement of, 

12. 
Hartford Convention, 34. 
Haverhill, Mass., sack of, 17. 
Hawaiian Islands, independent 

republic, 16 ; annexed, 79. 
Hawkins, Sir John, 7. 
Hayes, Rutherford B., Pres., 69, 

70. 
Haymarket, riot in the, 73. 
Hayne, Robert Young, 38. 
Hay-Pauucefote Treaty, 80. 
Hendricks, Thomas A., Vice 

Pres., 69, 72; death of , 73. 
Henry, Joseph, inventor, 87. 
Henry, Fort, 58. 
Henry, Patrick, 21. 
Herkimer, Gen. Nicholas, 23. 
Hessians, defeat of, 23. 



Hobart, Garret A., Vice Pres., 

77 ; death of, 79. 
Hobson, Lieut. Richmond P., 78. 
Hoe, Richard M. , inventor, 88. 
Holy Alliance, 35. 
Homestead strike, 74. 
Hood, Gen. John B., 60. 
Hooker, Gen. Joseph, 60, 61. 
Hooker, Rev. Thomas, 12, 15. 
Hornet, 32, 33, 34. 
House of Representatives, origin 

of, 26. 
Houston, Gen. Samuel, 43. 
Howe, Admiral, 22, 23. 
Howe, Elias, 88. 
Hudson Bay, 17. 
Hudson Bay Company, 45. 
Hudson River, discovery of, 11. 
Huguenots, 7, 16. 
Hull, Capt. Isaac, 32. 

Illinois, admitted, 35, 

ludian County, 20. 

Indians, Penn's treatment of, 13; 
troubles with, in South Caro- 
lina, 14; under Washington, 
29; under Madison, 31. 

Industries, colonial, 15. 

Interstate Commerce Act, 73. 

Intolerable Acts, 21. 

Inventions (19th century), sum- 
mary of, 87, 88. 

Island No. 10, capture of, 58. 

Jacinto, battle of, 43. 

Jackson, Gen. Andrew, 33, 35, 

36; Pres., 37. 
Jackson, Stonewall, 59, 61. 
Jamestown, colony at, 9. 
Japan, commercial treaty with, 

50. 



102 



INDEX 



Java, 32. 

Jay, John, Chief Justice, 28, 29. 

Jefferson, Thomas, Secretary of 

State, 28; Vice Pres., 29; 

Pres., 30, 31; death of, 37. 
Johnson, Andrew, Vice Pres., 62 ; 

Pres., 62-66. 
Johnson, Richard M., Vice Pres., 

40-42. 
Johnson, Sir John, 23. 
Johnston, A. S., killed, 58. 
Johnston, Joseph E., 59, 60, 61. 
Joliet, Louis, 17. 
Jones, Paul, 24. 

Kansas, territory of, 51, 53; ad- 
mitted, 53. 

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 51. 

Kearney, General, 45. 

Kenesaw Mountain, battle of, 60. 

Kennebec, Me., colony sent to, 9. 

Kent Island, 12. 

Kentucky (and Virginia) resolu- 
tions. 29. 

Kieft, William, 11. 

King, William R., Vice Pres., 
49-51. 

King George's War, 17. 

King Philip's War, 10. 

King William's War, 17. 

King's Mountain, battle of, 24. 

Kitchen Cabinet, 38. 

Know Nothing Party, 49, 85. 

Knox, Henry, Secretary of AVar, 
28. 

Kossuth, Louis, 49. 

Koszta, Martin, 50. 

Ku Klux Klan, 67. 

Labrador, 7. 

Lafayette, Marquis de, 24, 25. 



Lake Champlain, 32. 

Lake Ene, 32. 

Lake Erie, victory on, 33. 

Landgraves, 13. 

La Quasuna, capture of, 78. 

La Salle, Robert Cavalier de, 

17, 18. 
Laudonniere, Rene de, 7. 
Lawrence, Captain James, 32, 

33. 
Laws (chronologically arranged) : 

Writs of Assistance, 21. 

Stamp Act, 21. 

Townshend Acts, 21. 

Five Intolerable Acts, 21. 
Boston Port Bill, 21. 
Transportation Act, 21. 
Massachusetts Bill, 21. 
Quartering Act, 22. 
Quebec Act, 22. 

Ordinance of 1787, 26. 

Funding Bill, 28. 

Assumption Bill, 28. 

Excise Law, 28. 

Alien and Sedition Laws, 29. 

Embargo Act, 30. 

Non-Intercourse Act, 30. 

Macon Bill, 81. 

Tariff of 1816, 34. 

Tariff of 1824, 36. 

Tariff of 1828, 37. 

Tariff of 1832, 38. 

Nullification Act, 38. 

Force Bill, 39. 

Compromise tariff of 1833, 39. 

Deposit Act, 39. 

Divorce Bill, 41, 42. 

Ashburton Treaty, 43. 

Sub-Treasury System, 44. 

Tariff of 1846,44. 

Compromise of 1850, 48, 49. 



103 



INDEX 



j Omnibus Bill. 

\ Fugitive Slave Law. 

Personal Liberty Laws, 49. 

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 51. 

Thirteenth Amendment, 62, 63, 
64, 65. 

Amnesty Proclamation, 63. 

Fourteenth Amendment, 64. 

Civil Rights Bill, confirmed, 64. 

Military Reconstruction Act, 64, 
65. 

Freedman's Bureau Bill, 64. 

Tenure of OflBce Act, 65. 

Fifteenth Amendment, 66. 

Force Acts, 67. 

Act Removing Political Disa- 
bilities, 67. 

Coinage Act, 68. 

Salary Grab Act, 68. 

Act for the Resumption of 
Specie Payments, 68. 

Bland-Allison Bill, 70, 74. 

Edmunds Law, 71. 

Act against immigration of 
Chinese laborers, 71. 

Civil Service Act, 71. 

Tariff of 1S83, 71. 

Presidential Succession Act, 73. 

Electoral Count Act, 63. 

Interstate Commerce Act, 73. 

Edmunds-Tucker Act, 73. 

Chinese Immigration Act, 73. 

Dependent Pension Bill, 74. 

Sherman Act, 74, 75. 

McKinley Tariff Bill, 74. 

Wilson Bill, 75. 

Dingley Tariff Act, 77. 

Piatt Amendment, 79. 

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, 80. 
Le Boeuf , Fort, 18. 
Lecompton struggle inKansas,53. 



Lee, Gen. Charles, 24, 25. 

Lee, Gen. Robert E., 59, 61. 

Leetmen, 13. 

Leisler's insurrection, 11. 

Leopard and Chesapeake affair, 
30. 

Levant, 34. 

Lewis and Clark exposition, 30, 
45. 

Lexington, battle of, 22. 

Liberal republicans, 86. 

" Liberator," the, 38. 

Liberty party, history of, 85, 
86. 

Lincoln, Abraham, " spot resolu- 
tions " by, 45; in debate with 
Douglas, 53; Pres., 54, 55. 57- 
62 ; assassination of, 61, 62. 

Lincoln, Gen. Benjamin, 24. 

Literature, colonial, 15, 

Locke, John, 13. 

Logan, John A., 72. 

Lome, Dupuy de, 78. 

London Company, 9, 10. 

Long Island, battle of, 23. 

Lookout Mt., battle of, 60. 

Lopez, Narciso, 50. 

Lords of trade and plantations, 
19. 

Louisburg, capture of, 17, 19. 

Louisiana Purchase, 30, 35, 80; 
in secession, 55; reorganized, 
63. 

Lundy's Lane, battle of, 33. 

Lynchburg, Va., 61. 

Lyon, Gen. Nathaniel, 58. 

McClellan, Gen. George B., in 
Civil War, 59; nominated for 
Pres., 62. 

McCormick, Cyrus, 87. 



104 



INDEX 



Macdonough, Capt. Thomas, 32, 

33. 
McDowell, Gen. Irvin,59. 
Macedonian, 32. 
McKinley, Willam, Pres., 76, 77- 

81 ; assassination of, 79. 
McKinley tariff bill, 74. 
Macon bill, 31. 
Madison, James, in constitutional 

convention, 26; exposition of 

constitution, 27 ; in Jefferson's 

administration, 30; Pz-es., 31- 

34. 
Magellan, Ferdinand, 6. 
Maine, colony of, 11, 14; eastern 

half of, seized, 33; admitted, 

35. 
Maine, destruction of the, 78. 
Manhattan, purchase of, 7. 
Manila, battle of, 78. 
Marion, Francis, 25. 
Marquette, Pere, 17. 
Marshall, John, 30. 
Maryland, colonization of, 12, 16. 
Mason, James M., minister to 

England and France, 50 ; Trent 

Affair, 59. 
Mason, John, proprietor, 10. 
Mason and Dixon's line, 12. 
Massachusetts, colonization of, 

9, 10, 14 ; charter of, abrogated, 

21; Bill, 21. 
Massachusetts Bay Company, 10. 
Matches, friction, invention of, 

87. 
Mather, Cotton, 15. 
Mather, Increase, 15. 
Maximilian, in Mexico, 62, 63. 
Mayflower compact, 10. 
Meade, Gen. George G., 61. 
Meigs, Fort, 32. 



Memphis, capture of, 58. 

Menendez (Spanish explorer), 7. 

Merrimac, the, battle of, 59; 
sinking of, 78. 

Merritt, Gen. Wesley, 78. 

Mexican War, 45, 46. 

Mexico, conquest of, 6; freed 
from Spain, 43; boundary line 
with, 46; Republic of, over- 
thrown, 63. 

Middle Colonies, 15, 16. 

Midnight appointments, 29. 

Milan decree, 30. 

Miles, Gen. Nelson A., 78. 

Military Reconstruction Act, 64, 
65. 

Minis, Fort, 33. 

Minuit, Peter, 11. 

Missionary Ridge, battle of, 60. 

Mississippi, admitted, 35; in 
secession, 55; opened, 60; re- 
admitted, 66. 

Mississippi River, discovery of, 6. 

Mississippi Valley, opened to 
settlement, 30. 

Missouri Compromise, 35; re- 
peated, 51. 

Mobile Bay, battle of, 60. 

Molino dei Rey, battle of, 46. 

Monitor, the, battle of, 59; 
designer of, 88. 

Monmouth, battle of, 24. 

Monroe, James, Pres., 35, 36. 

Monroe Doctrine, 35, 36. 

Montcalm, Marquis de, 18. 

Monterey, siege of, 45. 

Montgomery, Gen. Richard, 22. 

Montreal, in French and Indian 
Wars, 17, 19; in War of the 
Revolution, 22; Campaign of 
1813, 32. 



105 



INDEX 



Monts, Pierre de, 7. 

Morgan, Gen. Daniel, 23, 24, 25. 

Mormons, at Nauvoo, 42; re- 
bellion of, in Utah, 53; am- 
nesty to, 74, 

Morristown, Wasliiugton at, 23. 

Morse, Samuel F. B., 87. 

Morton, Dr. Wm. T. G., 87. 

Morton, Levi P., Vice Pres., 73, 
74, 75. 

Moultrie, Gen. William, 23. 

Moultrie, Fort, 23. 

Mowing machine, invention of, 
88. 

Mugwumps, 72. 

Murfreesboro, battle of, 58. 

Mutiny Act, 21. 

Napoleon, 30, 31, 34. 

Narvaez, Panfilo, 6. 

Nashville, battle of, 60. 

Nasmyth, James, 87. 

National banks, establishment 
of, 58. 

National Labor Reform Party, 
67. 

National Republican party, 36, 
39, 84. 

Naturalization in U.S., validity 
of, 50. 

Nauvoo, 111., Mormons leave, 53. 

Nebraska Territory, bill for or- 
ganization of, 51. 

Necessity, Fort, 18. 

Negroes, compelled to vote, 64 
right to vote for delegates, 64 
sale of public lands to, 65 
given votes, 66. See also Sla- 
very. 

New Amsterdam , surrender of, 11, 

New England, discovery of, 5 ; 



"Charter and Government" 
of, 10 ; colonies, 14, 15 ; War 
of Revolution in, 22. 

Newfoundland, discovery of, 5 ; 
attempt to settle, 7. French 
give up claims to, 17. 

New France, 17. 

New Hampshire, colonization of, 
10, 14 ; ratified constitution, 27, 

New Haven Colony, 12. 

New Jersey, colonization of, 13. 

New Mexico, discovery of, 6 ; 
conquest of, 45 ; under Com- 
promise of 1850, 48. 

New Netherland Company, 11. 

New Orleans, battle of, 33 ; cot- 
ton failure in, 41 ; capture of, 
58 ; Exposition, 71. 

Newport, R.L, 12,24. 

New York, as New Netherland, 
11 ; colonial population of, 15; 
evacuation of, 23 ; blockade 
below, 33 ; draft riots in, 61. 

Niagara, expedition against, 18, 

Nicaragua route, 80. 

Nobel Prize, 81. 

Non-Importation Agreements, 21. 

Non-Intercourse Act, 30. 

North Carolina, colonization of, 
13 ; ratification of, 28 ; seces- 
sion of, 57. 

Northern Securities suit, 81. 

Northmen, 5. 

Northwest, subdued, 24 ; first 
exploration of far, 30. 

Northwest Territory (Ordinance 
of 1787), 26. 

Nova Scotia, discovery of, 6 ; in 
Queen Anne's War, 17 ; in 
King George's War, 17. 

Nullification Act, 38. 



106 



INDEX 



O'Connor, Charles, 67. 

Oglethorpe, James, 14. 

Ohio Company (Virginia), 18. 

Oklahoma, opening of, 74. 

Omnibus Bill, 49. 

Orange, Fort, 11. 

Orders in Council, 30, 31. 

Ordinance of 1787, 26. 

Oregon County, 44. 

Oi'egon Territory, organized, 45; 

slavery excluded from, 47. 
Oriskany. battle of, 23. 
Ostend Manifesto, 50. 
Oswego, capture of, 18. 
Otis, James, 21. 

Pacific cable completed, 80, 
Pacific Ocean, discovery of, 5. 
Pakenham, Sir Edward, 33. 
Palatine proprietaries, 13. 
Palma, President of Cuba, 79. 
Palmer, John M., 77. 
Palo Alto, battle of, 45 
Panama, Congress, 36; canal, SO, 

81 ; independence of, 80. 
Pan American Congress, 74. 
Pan American Exposition, 79. 
Panic, of 1837, 41; of 1857,52; 

of 1873, 68 ; of 1893, 75. 
Paris, treaty of, 19, 20, 25. 
Parish committee, 16. 
Parker, Alton G., 81. 
Parker, Capt. John, 22. 
Parsons' Case, 21, 
Patroon system, 11, 
Patroons in New York, 15. 
Peace convention in Virginia, 

56. 
Peacock, 33. 
Pelican, 33. 
Pemberton, Gen, John C, 60. 



Penguin, 34, 

Penn, William, 13, 

Pennsylvania, colonization of, 
13, 15, 

Pensacola, Fla., captured, 33; 
in Seminole war, 35. 

People's Party, 37, 86, 

Pepperell, William, 17. 

Perry, Capt, Oliver H., 32, ^3. 

Perry, Com. M, C,,50. 

Perrysville, battle of, 58. 

Personal Liberty Laws, 49. 

Peru, Conquest of, 6. 

Pet banks, 39, 41. 

Petersburg, siege and battle of, 
61, 

Philadelphia, settlement of, 13; 
defense of, 23; Clinton re- 
treated from, 24 ; Constitu- 
tional Convention at, 26; 
capital removed from, 29; 
Republican convention at, 67, 

Philadelphia, burning of the, 30. 

Philippine Islands, discovery of, 
6; become U.S. possession, 
78, 79. 

Phips, Sir William, 17. 

Phijehe, 33. 

Pickens, Governor of South Car- 
olina, 57, 

Pierce, Franklin, Pres., 49-51, 

Pilgrims, at Plymouth, 9, 10. 

Pitcairn, Maj, John, 22, 

Pitt, William, 19. 

Pittsburg Landing, see Shiloh. 

Pizarro, Francisco, 6. 

Piatt, Senator Thomas C, 71. 

Piatt Amendment, 79. 

Plymouth, Pilgrims at, 9, 

Plymouth Company, 9, 10. 

Plymouth colony, 12, 



107 



INDEX 



Political parties, history of, 84- 

86. 
Polk, James K., Pres., 43, 44-47. 
Ponce de Leon, 5. 
Pontiac, conspiracy of, 19. 
Pope, Gen. John, 58, 59. 
Popular Sovereignty, 51. 
Populists, 75, 86. 
Porter, Capt. David, 32. 
Port Hudson, capture of, 60. 
Porto Rico ceded to U.S., 78, 79. 
Port Royal, 7, 17. 
Portsmouth, N.H., 10. 
Portsmouth, R.I., 12. 
Portsmouth, Treaty of, 81. 
Prescott, Col. William, 22. 
President, 34. 

Presidential Succession Act, 73. 
Presque Isle, Fort, 18. 
Price, Gen. Sterling, 58. 
Princeton, battle of, 23. 
Proctor, Gen. Henry A., 32. 
Prohibition Party, 67, 86. 
Proprietors, Eight, 13. 
Providence, R.I., 12 ; Plantations, 

12. 
Pueblo, battle of, 46. 
Pulaski, Count, 24. 
Puritan disturbances, 12. 
Puritans, at Salem and Boston, 

10. 
Putnam, Israel, 23. 

Quakers, in West Jersey, 13; in 
New York, 15. 

Quartering Act, 22. 

Quebec, failure of (1540), 7; suc- 
cess of (1608), 7; in French 
and Indian Wars, 17, 19; 
Province of, 20; Act, 22; in 
War of the Revolution, 22. 



Queen Anne's War, 17. 
Queenstown Heights, battle of, 31 

Rahl, Col. Johann G., 23. 

Railroad strike (1877), 70. 

Railroads, beginning of, 40, 66. 

Raisin River, massacre of, 32. 

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 7. 

Randolph, Edmund, 28, 30. 

Reconcentrados, the, 78. 

Reconstruction, problem of, 63, 
64; Act, Military, 65; com^ 
pleted, 66. 

Reid, Whitelaw, 75. 

Religious intolerance, 15. 

Religious toleration, 12. 

Republican Party, origin of, 51 : 
history of, 84-86. 

Resaca, battle of, 60. 

Resaca de la Palma, battle of, 45. 

Resumption of Specie Payments, 
Act for the, 68. 

Revolution, War of the, 22-25. 

Rhode Island, colony of, 12, 14; 
ratification of, 28. 

Ribaut, Jean, 7. 

Richmond, Va., capture of, 61. 

Rio Grande, discovery of, 6. 

Roanoke Island, 7. 

Roberval, Jean Francois de, 7. 

Robinson, Pastor John, 10. 

Rochambeau, Count, 25. 

Roosevelt, Theodore, in Spanish 
War, 78; nominated for Vice 
Pres., 79; Pres., 80,81. 

Rosecrans, Gen. W. S., 58, 60. 

Royal Charter, for Massachu- 
setts Bay Company, 10. 

Royal colonies, 9. 

Royal Grant, companies char- 
tered by, 8. 



108 



INDEX 



Russo-Japanese War, 81. 
Ryswifck, Peace of, 17. 

Sagas, 5. 

St. Augustine, 7. 

St. Clair, Gen. Arthur, 29. 

St. John, John P., 72. 

St. John's River, 7. 

St. Lawrence River, discovery 

of, 6. 
St. Leger, Col. Barry, 23. 
St. Mary's, Md., 12. 
Salary Grab Act, 68. 
Salem, Puritans at, 10 ; witch- 
craft, 15. 
Salisbury, N.C., battle of, 60. 
Salmon Falls, N.H., raids on, 17. 
Salt Lake, Mormons settle at, 53. 
Sampson, Rear- Admiral William 

T., 78. 
San Antonio, battle of, 46. 
Sandys' Constitution, 8. 
San -Tuau, storming of, 78. 
Santa Anna, General, 43, 45, 4^i. 
Santa Fe, 7. 

Santiago, surrender of, 78. 
Saratoga, Burgoyne's surrender 

at, 23. 
Savannah, Ga., settlement, of, 14 ; 

captured (1778), 24; Lincoln's 

attack upon, 24; capture of 

(1864), 60. 
Saybrook, Conn., 12. 
Scalawags, 66. 
Schenectady, N.Y., raids on, in 

King William's War, 17. 
Schley, Com. Winfield S., 78. 
Scott, Gen. Winfield, in war of 

1812,33; in Mexican War, 46; 

nominated for Pres., 49. 
Scrooby, congregation at, 9. 



Secession movement (1861), 65; 
ordinances of, 63. 

Second Continental Congress, 25, 

Sedition Law, 29. 

Selma, battle of, 60. 

Seminole War, 35, 42. 

Separatists, 9, 10. 

Seven Days, battle of, 59. 

Sevier, John, 24. 

Seward, William H., 48, 57. 

Sewell, Arthur, 77. 

Seymour, Horatio, 65. 

Shadrack (slave), rescue of, 49. 

Shafter, Gen. William R., 78. 

Shannon, 33. 

Shays's Rebellion, 26. 

Shenandoah, Jackson's raid iiv 
59. 

Sheridan, Gen. Philip H.. 61. 

Sherman, Gen. William T., 60. 

Sherman Act, 74, 75. 

Sherman's Bummers, 60. 

Shiloh, battle of, 58. 

Silk culture, 14. 

Slavery, prohibition of, in Ga., 
14 ; in early Southern colonies, 
16; under the Constitution, 26; 
Question, under Monroe, 35; 
Anti-Slavery Societies, 38; 
spread of, 43; Clay's Alabama 
Letters on, 44; excluded from 
Oregon, 47 ; under Compromise 
of 1850, 49 ; Fugitive Slave Law, 
49; under Kansas-Nebraska 
Act, 51 ; a cause of the Civil 
War, 55 ; emancipation proc- 
lamation, 61 ; abolished by 
Thirteenth Amendment, 62, 63. 
64. 

Slidell, John, 59. 

Sloat, Com. John D., 4-5. 



109 



INDEX 



Smith, John, 9. 

Socialists, 86. 

Sons of Liberty, 21. 

Sons of the South, 51. 

Soto, Hernando de, 6. 

SouM, Pierre, 50. 

South America, discovery of, 6. 

South American Republics, 35. 

South Carolina, discovery of, 5, 
6; colonization of, 14; and doc- 
trine of states rights, 38: 
passes secession ordinance, 55. 

Southern Colonies, 16. 

Southern Seceders, 40. 

Spain, possessions of, in New 
World, 6, 7; war with, 77-79. 

Spanish Succession, War of, 17. 

Spanish War, 77-79. 

Specie circular, 39, 41. 

Spoils system, 37, 38. 

Spottsylvania, battle of, 61. 

Squatter sovereignty, 47, 51. 

Stalwarts, the, 71. 

Stamp Act, 21. 

Standard Oil suit, 81. 

Standish, Miles, 10. 

Stanton, Edward M., 65. 

Stanwix, Fort, 23. 

Stark, Gen. John, 23. 

State, Department of, formed, 28. 

State Sovereignty, 37, 55. 

Steamboat, invention of, 31. 

Steamboats, river, 40. 

Steamers, coastwise, 40. 

Stephens, Alexander H., 55. 

Stephenson, George, 87. 

Steuben, Baron, 24. 

Stevenson, Adlai E., Vice Pres., 
75-77, 79. 

Stevenson, Fort, 32. 

Stillwater, battle of, 23. 



Stockton, Com. Robert F., 45. 

Stoneman, Gen. George, 60. 
Stonington, Conn., plundered, 33. 
Stony Point, capture of, 24. 
Stuyvesant, Peter, 11, 13. 
Sub-Treasury Scheme, 41, 42, 44, 
Sullivan, Gen. John, 24. 
Sumner, Senator Charles, 51. 
Sumter, Fort, 57. 
Surplus revenue, 39, 40, 41. 

Taft, William H., 81, 82. 

Taney, Roger B.. 39. 

Tariff (isfo), 34; (1824), 36; of 
abominations (1828), 37 ; (1832), 
38; (1833), 39; (1846), 44: 
(1883) , 71 ; (1888) , 73 ; McKinley 
Tariff Bill, 74; (1894), 75; 
(1897), 77 ; (1913), 83. 

Tarleton, Col. Banastre, 24. 

Taxes, during American Revolu- 
tion, 21 ; on foreign goods, 28. 

Taylor, Zachary, in Mexican 
War, 45, 46; Pres., 47; death 
of, 48. 

Tecumseh, Indian chief, 31. 

Tennessee, admitted, 29; seces- 
sion of, 57 ; reorganized, 63. 

Tenure of Office Act, 65. 

Texas, annexation of, 43 ; dispute 
as to boundary of, 45; under 
Compromise of 1850, 48; in 
secession, 55; admission of, 
66. 

Thames, battle of the, 32. 

Thirteenth Amendment, 62. 63, 
64. 

Thomas, Gen. George H., 60. 

Thornton, Captain, 45. 

Thurman, Allen G., 73. 

Ticonderoga, Fort, 19, 22. 



110 



INDEX 



Tilden, Samuel J., 69. 
Tippecanoe, battle of, 31. 
Tompkins, Daniel D., Vice Pres., 

35. 
Toral, General, 78. 
Town meetings, in New England, 

10, 15 ; in Middle Colonies, 16. 
Townshend Acts, 21. 
Transportation bill, 21. 
Treasury, Department of, 

formed, 28. 
Treaty of Washington, 67, 72. 
Trent Affair, 59. 
Trenton, defeat of Hessians at, 

23. 
Tripoli, war with, 30. 
Tuscaroras, war with, M. 
Tweed's Ring, 68. 
Tyler, John, Vice Pres., and 

Pres., 42-44. 
Typewriter, invention of, 88. 

Underground railroad, 48, 49. 

United States, 32. 

United States, validity of nat- 
uralization in, 50. 

United States Bank, 28; First, 
and Second, 34; bills to re- 
charter, 38, 42 ; under Andrew 
Jackson, 38, 39. 

Utah, under Compromise of 1850, 
48. 

Utrecht, Treaty of, 17. 

Vaca, Cabeza de, 6. 

Vail, Alfred, inventor, 87. 
Valley Forge, winter at, 24. 
Van Buren, Martin, 37, 40-42. 
Van Rensselaer, Gen. Stephen, 32. 
Van Twiller, Wouter, 11. 
Venango, Fort, 18. 



Venezuela dispute, 76. 

Vera Cruz, capture of, 46. 

Vermont, admitted to Union, 29 

Verrazzani (Italian explorer) , 6. 

Vespucius, Americus, 5. 

Vicksburg, capture of, 60. 

Virginia, charter, 8, 9; becomes 
Royal Colony, 9 ; colonial pop- 
ulation of, 16; Resolutions, 21 ; 
and Kentucky Resolutions, 29 ; 
secession of, 57 ; admission of, 
66. 

Virginius Affair, 68. 

Walker, Robert J., 53. 

War, Department of, formed, 28. 

War of 1812, causes of, 31 ; events 

of, 32-34. 
Wars (chronologically arranged) : 

King Philip's War, 10. 

with the Tuscaroras, 14. 

King William's War, 17. 

Queen Anne's War (War of the 
Spanish succession), 17. 

King George's War (War of 
Austrian succession), 17. 

French and Indian War, 18, 
19. 

War of the revolution, 22-25. 

War with Tripoli, 30. 

War of 1812, 31-34. 

Seminole War (1817-1818), 35. 

Black Hawk War, 38. 

Seminole War (1835-1842), 42. 

Mexican War, 45, 46. 

Civil War, 55, 57-61. 

Spanish War, 77-79. 

World War, 90-91. 
Washington, George, in French 

and Indian War, 18 ; in Wa^^ of 

the Revolution, 22-25; in Ciin- 



111 



INDEX 



stitutional Convention, 26 ; 

Pres., 28, 29; death of, 29. 
"Washington (D.C.), capital re- 
moved to, 29; burned, 33; 

Early's raid on, 61. 
Washington Territory, boundary 

of, 67. 
Wasp, 32, 33. 
Watson, Thomas E., 77. 
Wayne, Anthony, 24, 29. 
Weaver, Gen. J. B., 75. 
Webster, Daniel, in debate with 

Hayne, 38; concludes Ashbur- 

ton Treaty, 43 ; his seventh of 

March speech, 48. 
Welles, Gideon P., 57. 
Western boundary, secured, 30. 
West Indies, 5, 6. 
Westinghouse, George, inventor, 

86. 
West Jersey, 13. 
Wethersfield, Conn., 12. 
Weyler, Captain-General, 78. 
Wheeler, William A., Vice Pres., 

69,70. 
Whig Party, rise of, 40; killed, 

51 ; history of, 85, 86. 
Whisky Rebellion, 29. 
Whisky Ring, 68. 
Whitman, Dr. Marcus, 45 



Whitney, Eli, 87. 
Wildcat banks, 39. 
Wilderness, battle of the, 61 
William Heniy, Fort, 18. 
Williams, Roger, 12, 15. 
Wilmot proviso, 46, 47. 
Wilson, Henry, 67. 
Wilson, Woodrow, 82, 83. 
Wilson Bill, 75. 
Wilson Creek, battle of, 68. 
Winchester, Gen. James, 32. 
Winchester, battle of, 01. 
Winthrop, John, 10. 
Wolfe, Gen. James, 19. 
Woman suffrage, 82, 83. 
Worden, Admiral John L., 59. 
World War, 90-91. 
World's Fair at Chicago, 76. 
Writs of Assistance, 21. 
Wyoming massacre, 24. 

X Y Z letters, 29. 

York, Duke of (James II.), 11. 
York, Duke of, 13. 
York (Toronto), capture of, 32 
Yorktown, capture of, 25 • battle 

of, 59; celebration, 71. 
Young, Brigham. 53. 

Zenger, Peter, 11. 



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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 





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